La salute mentale delle persone non-binary e genderqueer, transgender binary e cisgender: una revisione sistematica

Journal title PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE
Author/s Greta Riboli , Martina Gori, Mattia Nese, Luca Daminato, Gianni Brighetti, Rosita Borlimi
Publishing Year 2023 Issue 2023/2 Language Italian
Pages 17 P. 27-43 File size 288 KB
DOI 10.3280/PDS2023-002003
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

More and more people, especially young people, identify themselves as non-binary/genderqueer (NBGQ), a gender identity that goes beyond the binary female-male di-chotomy. However, research in the literature shows conflicting results regarding mental health outcomes. This literature review, the mental health of non-binary and genderqueer, transgender binary and cisgender people: a systematic review, aims to be an update of the previous review by Scandurra et al. (2019) and has two aims: (1) to identify mental health dif-ferences between NBGQ and binary transgender (TB) populations, and (2) to identify differ-ences between NBGQ and cisgender populations. Following PRISMA guidelines, the litera-ture search was conducted in the PubMed and PsycInfo databases taking into consideration articles published between 2019 and 2021. N=25 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. All included studies are cross-sectional. As in the previous systematic review, the results with respect to mental health outcomes between the TB and NBGQ population are mixed as some studies show better outcomes for the NBGQ popula-tion, while others show opposite results. Compared to the cisgender population, the results are more consistent highlighting worse mental health outcomes in the NBGQ population. This literature review has, therefore, again highlighted the need for further research into the health of the often marginalised and invisible NBGQ population, with the ultimate aim of ensuring appropriate interventions for this specific population.

Keywords: non-binary, transgender, mental health, systematic review.

  1. Lindley L., Bauerband L. & Galupo M. P. (2021). Using a comprehensive proximal stress model to predict alcohol use. Transgender Health, 6(3), 164-174.
  2. American Psychological Association (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist, 70(9), 832-864.
  3. Anderssen N., Sivertsen B., Lønning K. J., & Malterud K. (2020). Life satisfaction and mental health among transgender students in Norway. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 138.
  4. Aparicio-García M., Díaz-Ramiro E., Rubio-Valdehita S., López-Núñez M., & García-Nieto I. (2018). Health and well-being of cisgender, transgender and non-binary young people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2133.
  5. Becerra-Culqui T. A., Liu Y., Nash R., Cromwell L., Flanders W. D., Getahun D., Giammattei S. V., Hunkeler E. M., Lash T. L., Millman A., Quinn V. P., Robinson B., Roblin D., Sandberg D. E., Silverberg M. J., Tangpricha V. & Goodman M. (2018). Mental health of transgender and gender nonconforming youth compared with their peers. Pediatrics, 141(5), e20173845.
  6. Bradford N. J., & Catalpa J. M. (2019). Social and psychological heterogeneity among binary transgender, non-binary transgender and cisgender individuals. Psychology & Sexuality, 10(1), 69-82. DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2018.155218
  7. Budge S. L., Domínguez S. & Goldberg A. E. (2020). Minority stress in nonbinary students in higher education: The role of campus climate and belongingness. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(2), 222-229.
  8. Buttazzoni A., Tariq U., Thompson-Haile A., Burkhalter R., Cooke M. & Minaker L. (2021). Adolescent gender identity, sexual orientation, and cannabis use: Potential mediations by internalizing disorder risk. Health Education & Behavior, 48(1), 82-92. DOI: 10.1177/109019812096550
  9. Cheung A. S., Leemaqz S. Y., Wong J. W. P., Chew D., Ooi O., Cundill P., Silberstein N., Locke P., Zwickl S., Grayson R., Zajac J. D. & Pang K. C. (2020). Non-binary and binary gender identity in australian trans and gender diverse individuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2673-2681.
  10. Cicero E. C., Reisner S. L., Merwin E. I., Humphreys J. C. & Silva S. G. (2020). The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States. PLOS ONE, 15(2), e0228765.
  11. Clark, B. A., Veale, J. F., Townsend, M., Frohard-Dourlent, H., & Saewyc, E. (2018). Non-binary youth: Access to gender-affirming primary health care. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 158-169. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2017.139495
  12. Coleman E., Radix A. E., Bouman W. P., Brown G. R., De Vries A. L. C., Deutsch M. B., Ettner R., Fraser L., Goodman M., Green J., Hancock A. B., Johnson T. W., Karasic D. H., Knudson G. A., Leibowitz S. F., Meyer-Bahlburg H. F. L., Monstrey S. J., Motmans J., Nahata L., … Arcelus J. (2022). Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(sup1), S1–S259. DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2022.210064
  13. Diamond L. M. (2020). Gender fluidity and nonbinary gender identities among children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 14(2), 110-115.
  14. Dolan I. J., Strauss P., Winter S. & Lin A. (2020). Misgendering and experiences of stigma in health care settings for transgender people. Medical Journal of Australia, 212(4), 150.
  15. Durbeej N., Abrahamsson N., Papadopoulos F. C., Beijer K., Salari R. & Sarkadi A. (2021). Outside the norm: Mental health, school adjustment and community engagement in non-binary youth. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(5), 529-538. DOI: 10.1177/140349481989099
  16. Dyar C., Feinstein B. A., Newcomb M. E. & Whitton S. W. (2021). Cannabis use companions’ gender and sexual orientation: Associations with problematic cannabis use in a sample of sexual minorities assigned female at birth. Addictive Behaviors, 118, 106878.
  17. Fausto-Sterling A. (2019). Gender/sex, sexual orientation, and identity are in the body: How did they get there? The Journal of Sex Research, 56(4-5), 529-555. DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.158188
  18. Fontanari A. M. V., Vilanova F., Schneider M. A., Chinazzo I., Soll B. M., Schwarz K., Lobato M. I. R. & Brandelli Costa A. (2020). Gender affirmation is associated with transgender and gender nonbinary youth mental health improvement. LGBT Health, 7(5), 237-247.
  19. Goldberg A. E., Kuvalanka K. A., Budge S. L., Benz M. B. & Smith J. Z. (2019). Health care experiences of transgender binary and nonbinary university students. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(1), 59-97. DOI: 10.1177/001100001982756
  20. Hendricks M. L. & Testa R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460-467.
  21. Jones B. A., Pierre Bouman W., Haycraft E. & Arcelus J. (2019a). Gender congruence and body satisfaction in nonbinary transgender people: A case control study. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 263-274. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2018.153884
  22. Jones B. A., Pierre Bouman W., Haycraft E. & Arcelus J. (2019b). Mental health and quality of life in non-binary transgender adults: A case control study. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 251-262. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.163034
  23. Kattari S. K., Kattari L., Johnson I., Lacombe-Duncan A. & Misiolek B. A. (2020). Differential experiences of mental health among trans/gender diverse adults in Michigan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6805.
  24. Kidd J. D., Goetz T. G., Shea E. A., & Bockting W. O. (2021). Prevalence and minority-stress correlates of past 12-month prescription drug misuse in a national sample of transgender and gender nonbinary adults: Results from the U.S. Transgender Survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, 108474.
  25. Lindley L. & Galupo M. P. (2020). Gender dysphoria and minority stress: Support for inclusion of gender dysphoria as a proximal stressor. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(3), 265-275.
  26. Matsuno E., & Budge S. L. (2017). Non-binary/genderqueer identities: A critical review of the literature. Current Sexual Health Reports, 9(3), 116-120.
  27. McKay T. R. & Watson R. J. (2020). Gender expansive youth disclosure and mental health: Clinical implications of gender identity disclosure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(1), 66-75.
  28. McGuire J. K., Anderson A., Toomey R. B. & Russell S. T. (2018). Mental health of transgender and gender nonconforming youth compared with their peers. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(7), 662-670.
  29. Meyer I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38. DOI: 10.2307/213728
  30. Meyer I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.67
  31. Mitchell L., MacArthur H. J. & Blomquist K. K. (2021). The effect of misgendering on body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint in transgender individuals: Testing a Misgendering‐Congruence Process. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(7), 1295–1301.
  32. Newcomb M. E., Hill R., Buehler K., Ryan D. T., Whitton S. W. & Mustanski B. (2020). High burden of mental health problems, substance use, violence, and related psychosocial factors in transgender, non-binary, and gender diverse youth and young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(2), 645-659.
  33. Page M. J., McKenzie J. E., Bossuyt P. M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T. C., Mulrow C. D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J. M., Akl E. A., Brennan S. E., Chou R., Glanville J., Grimshaw J. M., Hróbjartsson A., Lalu M. M., Li T., Loder E. W., Mayo-Wilson E., McDonald S., … Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n. 71.
  34. Peng K., Zhu X., Gillespie A., Wang Y., Gao Y., Xin Y., Qi J., Ou J., Zhong S., Zhao L., Liu J., Wang C. & Chen R. (2019). Self-reported rates of abuse, neglect, and bullying experienced by transgender and gender-nonbinary adolescents in china. JAMA Network Open, 2(9), e1911058.
  35. Poquiz J. L., Coyne C. A., Garofalo R. & Chen D. (2021). Comparison of gender minority stress and resilience among transmasculine, transfeminine, and nonbinary adolescents and young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(3), 615-618.
  36. Price-Feeney M., Green A. E. & Dorison S. (2020). Understanding the mental health of transgender and nonbinary youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(6), 684-690.
  37. Reisner S. L. & Hughto J. M. W. (2019). Comparing the health of non-binary and binary transgender adults in a statewide non-probability sample. PLOS ONE, 14(8), e0221583.
  38. Richards C., Bouman W. P., Seal L., Barker M. J., Nieder T. O. & T’Sjoen G. (2016). Non-binary or genderqueer genders. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 95-102. DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2015.110644
  39. Rimes K. A., Goodship N., Ussher G., Baker D. & West E. (2019). Non-binary and binary transgender youth: Comparison of mental health, self-harm, suicidality, substance use and victimization experiences. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 230-240. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2017.137062
  40. Roberts S. R., Salk R. H., Thoma B. C., Romito M., Levine M. D. & Choukas‐Bradley S. (2021). Disparities in disordered eating between gender minority and cisgender adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(7), 1135-1146.
  41. Scandurra C., Carbone A., Baiocco R., Mezzalira S., Maldonato N. M. & Bochicchio V. (2021). Gender identity milestones, minority stress and mental health in three generational cohorts of italian binary and nonbinary transgender people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9057.
  42. Scandurra C., Mezza F., Maldonato N. M., Bottone M., Bochicchio V., Valerio P. & Vitelli R. (2019). Health of non-binary and genderqueer people: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1453.
  43. Shively M. G., & De Cecco J. P. (1977). Components of sexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 3(1), 41-48.
  44. Smalley K. B., Warren J. C. & Barefoot K. N. (2016). Differences in health risk behaviors across understudied LGBT subgroups. Health Psychology, 35(2), 103-114.
  45. Stanton A. M., Batchelder A. W., Kirakosian N., Scholl J., King D., Grasso C., Potter J., Mayer K. H. & O’Cleirigh C. (2021). Differences in mental health symptom severity and care engagement among transgender and gender diverse individuals: Findings from a large community health center. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245872.
  46. Tan K. K. H., Ellis S. J., Schmidt J. M., Byrne J. L. & Veale J. F. (2020). Mental health inequities among transgender people in aotearoa new zealand: Findings from the counting ourselves survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2862.
  47. Thorne N., Witcomb G. L., Nieder T., Nixon E., Yip A. & Arcelus J. (2019). A comparison of mental health symptomatology and levels of social support in young treatment seeking transgender individuals who identify as binary and non-binary. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 241-250. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2018.145266
  48. Todd K., Peitzmeier S. M., Kattari S. K., Miller-Perusse M., Sharma A. & Stephenson R. (2019). Demographic and behavioral profiles of nonbinary and binary transgender youth. Transgender Health, 4(1), 254-261.
  49. Uniacke B., Glasofer D., Devlin M., Bockting W. & Attia E. (2021). Predictors of eating-related psychopathology in transgender and gender nonbinary individuals. Eating Behaviors, 42, 101527.
  50. Walch S. E., Ngamake S. T., Bovornusvakool W., & Walker S. V. (2016). Discrimination, internalized homophobia, and concealment in sexual minority physical and mental health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 37-48.
  51. Wang Y., Yu H., Yang Y., Drescher J., Li R., Yin W., Yu R., Wang S., Deng W., Jia Q., Zucker K. J. & Chen R. (2020). Mental health status of cisgender and gender-diverse secondary school students in china. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2022796.
  52. Warren J. C., Smalley K. B. & Barefoot K. N. (2016). Psychological well-being among transgender and genderqueer individuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(3-4), 114-123. DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2016.121634
  53. Watson R. J., Fish J. N., McKay T., Allen S. H., Eaton L. & Puhl R. M. (2020). Substance use among a national sample of sexual and gender minority adolescents: Intersections of sex assigned at birth and gender identity. LGBT Health, 7(1), 37-46.
  54. Yockey A., King K. & Vidourek R. (2022). Past-year suicidal ideation among transgender individuals in the United States. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(1), 70-80. DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.180316
  55. Zwickl S., Wong A. F. Q., Dowers E., Leemaqz S. Y.-L., Bretherton I., Cook T., Zajac J. D., Yip P. S. F. & Cheung A. S. (2021). Factors associated with suicide attempts among Australian transgender adults. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 81.

Greta Riboli , Martina Gori, Mattia Nese, Luca Daminato, Gianni Brighetti, Rosita Borlimi, La salute mentale delle persone non-binary e genderqueer, transgender binary e cisgender: una revisione sistematica in "PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE" 2/2023, pp 27-43, DOI: 10.3280/PDS2023-002003