British privatisation shows the importance of creating and sustaining competition where possible and produced a model of efficient price cap regulation for the capital-intensive networks that would support private investment that is a useful model for managing public infrastructure. Although total UK privatisation receipts were about 8% of GDP, and their output accounted for 5% of GDP, a sustained productivity improvement of 10% would only increase GDP by 0.5% hard to observe even though it represents 100% return on the sales value. Electricity restructuring in England separated generation from transmission. Competition then drove down costs by 6% each year, while retained vertical integration in Scotland produced no net gains, underlining the importance of creating competitive markets.