Click here to download

Jung’s views on causes and treatments of shizophrenia in lightof current trends in cognitive neuroscience and psychotherapy research. I.Aetiology and phenomenology
Journal Title: STUDI JUNGHIANI 
Author/s: Steven M. Silverstein 
Year:  2014 Issue: 40 Language: Italian 
Pages:  35 Pg. 41-75 FullText PDF:  262 KB
DOI:  10.3280/JUN2014-040003
(DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation:  clicca qui   and here 


Jung’s writings on schizophrenia are almost completely ignored or forgotten today. Thepurpose of this paper, along with a follow-up article, is to review the primary themes foundin Jung’s writings on schizophrenia, and to assess the validity of his theories about the disorderin light of our current knowledge base in the fields of psychopathology, cognitive neuroscienceand psychotherapy research. In this article, five themes related to the aetiologyand phenomenology of schizophrenia from Jung's writings are discussed: 1) abaissement duniveau mental; 2) the complex; 3) mandala imagery; 4) constellation of archetypes and 5)psychological versus toxic aetiology. Reviews of the above areas suggest three conclusions.First, in many ways, Jung's ideas on schizophrenia anticipated much current thinking anddata about the disorder. Second, with the recent (re)convergence of psychological and biologicalapproaches to understanding and treating schizophrenia, the pioneering ideas of Jungregarding the importance of both factors and their interaction remain a useful and rich, butstill underutilized resource. Finally, a more concerted effort to understand and evaluate thevalidity of Jung’s concepts in terms of evidence from neuroscience could lead both to importantadvances in analytical psychology and to developments in therapeutic approachesthat would extend beyond the treatment of schizophrenia.
Keywords: Abaissement du niveau mental, aetiology, archetype, cognitive neuroscience,complex, dementia praecox, mandala perception, schizophrenia phenomenology

  1. Peerbooms O. et al. (2012). Evidence that interactive effects of COMT and MTHFR moderate psychotic response to environmental stress. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125: 247-56.
  2. Peterson F., Jung C.G. (1907/1981). Psychophysical investigations with the galvanometer and pneumograph in normal and insane individuals (trad. it. Ricerche psicofisiche col galvanometro e il pneumografo in individui normali e malati di Mente. In: Opere, vol. 2/2. Torino: Boringhieri, 1987).
  3. Phillips W.A., Singer W. (1997). In search of common foundations for cortical computation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20: 657-722.
  4. Phillips W.A., Silverstein S.M. (2003). Impaired cognitive coordination in schizophrenia: convergence of neurobiological and psychological perspectives. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26: 65-138. Phillips W.A., Silverstein S.M. (2013). The organized complexity of mental life depends on mechanisms for context-sensitive gain control that are impaired in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 307., 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00307DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00307
  5. Prinz W., Hommel B., eds., (2002). Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action: Attention and Performance XIV. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. Raskin D.E. (1975). Bleuler and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127: 231-4.
  7. Rodriguez V. (2003). Jung on schizophrenia: an introductory survey. Retrieved from http://-www.metareligion.com/Psychiatry/Analytical_psychology/jung_on_schizophrenia.htm on January, 1, 2006.
  8. Schobel S.A. et al. (2013). Imaging patients with psychosis and a mouse model establishes a spreading pattern of hippocampal dysfunction and implicates glutamate as a driver. Neuron, 78: 81-93.
  9. Seeman P. (2008). All psychotic roads lead to increase dopamine D2High receptors: a perspective. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses, 1: 351-5.
  10. Shepherd A.M., Laurens K.R., Matheson S.L., Carr V.J. and Green M.J. (2012). Systematic meta-review and quality assessment of the structural brain alterations in schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36: 1342-56.
  11. Silverstein S.M. (2007). Integrating Jungian and self-psychological perspectives within cognitive-behavior therapy for a young man with a fixed religious delusion. Clinical Case Studies, 6: 263-76.
  12. Silverstein S.M., Keane B.P. (2011). Perceptual organization impairment in schizophrenia and associated brain mechanisms; review of research from 2005-2010. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37: 690-9.
  13. Silverstein S.M., Kovács I., Corry R. and Valone C. (2000). Perceptual organization, the disorganization syndrome, and context processing in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 43: 11-20.
  14. Silverstein S., Spaulding W.D., Menditto A.A. (2006a). Schizophrenia: Advances inEvidence-Based Practice. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber.
  15. Silverstein S.M., Wong M-H, Wilkniss S.M., Bloch A., Smith T.E., Savitz A., McCarthy R.
  16. and Terkelsen K. (2006b). Behavioral rehabilitation of the “treatment-refractory” schizophrenia patient: Conceptual foundations, interventions, interpersonal techniques, and outcome data. Psychological Services, 3: 145-69
  17. Silverstein S.M., Berten S., Essex B., Kovács I., Susmaras T. and Little D.M. (2009). An fMRI examination of visual integration in schizophrenia. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 8: 175-202.
  18. Silverstein S.M., All S.D., Kasi R., Berten S., Essex B., Lathrop K.L. and Little D.M. (2010). Increased fusiform area activation in schizophrenia during processing of spatial frequencydegraded faces, as revealed by fMRI. Psychological Medicine, 40: 1159-69.
  19. Silverstein S.M., Keane B.P., Wang Y. (2013). Cognitive and neuroplasticity mechanisms by which congenital or early blindness may confer a protective effect against schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3: 624., 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.0062DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.0062
  20. Snyder S.H. (1976). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: focus on the dopamine receptor. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133: 197-202.
  21. Spaulding W.D., Storms L., Goodrich V. and Sullivan M. (1986). Applications of experimental psychopathology in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12: 560-77.
  22. Spoerri E., Baumann D. (2003). The Art of Adolf Wölfli: St. Adolf-Giant-Creation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jung, schizophrenia and neuroscience 127
  23. Stevens A. (2006). The archetypes. In: Papadopolous R.K, ed., The Handbook of Jungian Psychology. New York: Routledge (trad. it. Gli archetipi. In: Papadopolous R.K. a cura
  24. di, Manuale di psicologia junghiana. Bergamo: Moretti e Vitali, 2009). Storms L., Broen W. (1969). A theory of schizophrenic behavioral disorganization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20: 129-44.
  25. Suvisaari J., Mantere O. (2013). Inflammation theories in psychotic disorders: a critical review. Infectious Disorder Drug Targets, 13: 59-70.
  26. Taylor E. (1998). Jung before Freud, not Freud before Jung: the reception of Jung’s work in American psychoanalytic circles between 1904 and 1909. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 43: 97-114.
  27. Time Magazine. (1956, December 31). ‘Schizophrenia toxin?’ Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/archive/printout/0,23657,867504,00.html on January 31, 2006.
  28. Torrey E.F., Davis J.M. (2012). Adjunct treatments for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: what to try when you are out of ideas. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses, 5: 208-16.
  29. Trueman L. (2002). The mandala experience: visions of the center in schizophrenic and fictional accounts of disintegration. PsyArt: An Online Journal for the Psychological Study of the Arts. Retrieved from http://www.psyartjournal.com/article/show/trueman-the_mandala_experience_visions_of_the_ce on January, 31, 2006.
  30. Uhlhaas P.J., Silverstein S.M. (2005). Perceptual organization in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A review of empirical research and associated theories. Psychological Bulletin, 131: 618-32.
  31. Uhlhaas P.J., Singer W. (2006). Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron, 52: 155-68.
  32. Uhlhaas P.J., Haenschel C., Nikolic D. and Singer W. (2008). The role of oscillations and synchrony in cortical networks and their putative relevance for the pathopysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34: 927-43.
  33. Varela F., Lachaux J.P., Rodriguez E. and Martinerie J. (2001). The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2: 229-39.
  34. Vidal J.R., Chaumon M., O’regan J.K. and Tallon-Baudry C. (2006). Visual grouping and the focusing of attention induce gamma band oscillations at different frequencies in human magnetoencephalogram signals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18: 1850-62.
  35. Wagner P.S., Spiro C.S. (2005). Divided Minds: Twin Sisters and Their Journey Through Schizophrenia. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  36. Weber J. (2002). The Judgment of the Eye: The Metamorphoses of Geometry. One of the Sources of Visual Perception and Consciousness. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  37. Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Thermenos H.W., Milanovic S., Tsuang M.T., Faraone S.V., McCarley R.W., Shenton M.E., Green A.I., Nieto-Castanon A., LaViolette P., Wojcik J., Gabrieli
  38. J.D. and Seidman L.J. (2009). Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106: 1279-84.
  39. Wicks S., Hjern A., Gunnell D., Lewis G. and Dalman C. (2005). Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162: 1652-7.
  40. Wilkinson F., James T.W., Wilson H.R., Gati J.S., Menon R.S. and Goodale M.A. (2000).
  41. An fMRI study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings. Current Biology, 10: 1455-8.
  42. Wyatt R.J. (1991). Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17: 325-51.
  43. Wynne L.C.,Tienari P.,Nieminen P., Sorri A., Lahti I., Moring J., Naarala M., Läksy K.,
  44. Wahlberg K.E. and Miettunen J. (2006a). I. Genotype-environment interaction in the schizophrenia spectrum: genetic liability and global family ratings in the Finnish Adoption Study. Family Process, 45: 419-34. Wynne L.C., Tienari P., Sorri A., Lahti I., Moring J. and Wahlberg K.E. (2006b). II. Genotype-environment interaction in the schizophrenia spectrum: qualitative observations. Family Process, 45: 435-47.
  45. Yolken R.H., Dickerson F.B., Fuller Torrey E. (2009). Toxoplasma and schizophrenia. Parasite Immunology, 31: 706-15.
  46. Zhou Y., Liang M., Tian L., Wang K., Hao Y., Liu H., Liu Z. and Jiang T. (2007). Functional disintegration in paranoid schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. Schizophrenia Research, 97: 194-205.
  47. Zubin J., Spring B. (1977). Vulnerability-a new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86: 103-26.
  48. Amminger G.P. et al. (2010). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67: 146-54.
  49. Andreasen N. (1985). The Broken Brain: The Biological Revolution in Psychiatry. New York: William Morrow (trad. it. Il cervello rotto. Milano: Longanesi, 1985).
  50. Anticevic A., Cole M.W., Murray J.D., Corlett P.R., Wang X.J. and Krystal J.H. (2012a). The role of default network deactivation in cognition and disease. Trends in the Cognitive Sciences, 16: 584-92.
  51. Anticevic A., Gansus M., Murray J.D., Repos G., Driesen N.R., Ennis D.J., Nice M.J., Morgan P.T., Sutra T.S., Bloch M.H., Ramani R., Smith M.A., Wang X.J., Krystal J.H. and Corlett P.R. (2012b). NMDA receptor function in large-scale anticorrelated neural systems with implications for cognition and schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U S A, 109: 16720-5.
  52. Baggott M.J., Siegrist J.D., Galloway G.P., Robertson L.C., Coyle J.R. and Mendelson J.E. (2010). Investigating the mechanisms of hallucinogen-induced visions using 3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): a randomized controlled trial in humans. PloS One, 5 (12), e14074., 10.1371/journal.pone.001407DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.001407
  53. Bebbington P., Kuipers L. (1994). The clinical utility of expressed emotion in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppl, 382: 46-53.
  54. Benros M.E., Nielsen P.R., Nordentoft M., Eaton W.W., Dalton S.O. and Mortensen P.B. (2011). Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: a 30-year population-based register study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168: 1303-10.
  55. Benros M.E., Mortensen P.B. and Eaton W.W. (2012). Autoimmune diseases and infections as risk factors for schizophrenia. Annual of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1262: 56-66.
  56. Ben-Zeev D., Morris S., Swendsen J. and Granholm E. (2012). Predicting the occurrence, conviction, distress, and disruption of different delusional experiences in the daily life of people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38: 826-37.
  57. Bercel N.A. (1960). A study of the influence of the schizophrenic serum on the behavior of the spider: zilla-x-notata. In: Jackson D.D., ed., The Etiology of Schizophrenia. New York: Basic Books, 159-74.
  58. Berndl K., Grusser O.J., Martin M. and Remschmidt H. (1986). Comparative studies on recognition of faces, mimic and gestures in adolescent and middle-aged schizophrenic patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 236: 123-30.
  59. Berry K., Barrowclough C. and Haddock G. (2011). The role of expressed emotion in relationships between psychiatric staff and people with a diagnosis of psychosis: a review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37: 958-72.
  60. Bleuler E. (1911/1950). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophreniene. Leipzig, Wien: Deuticke (trad. it. trad. it. Dementia Praecox o il gruppo delle schizofrenie. Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1985).
  61. Bremner J.D., Narayan M. (1998). The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus throughout the life cycle: implications for childhood development and aging. Developmental Psychopathology, 10: 871-85.
  62. Broen W.E., Storms L.H. (1966). Lawful disorganization: the process underlying a schizophrenic syndrome. Psychological Review, 73: 265-79.
  63. Brooke R. (1991). Jung and Phenomenology. London: Routledge.
  64. Brown A., Derkits E. (2011). Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167: 261-80.
  65. Buckner R.L., Andrews-Hanna J.R., Schacter D.L. (2008). The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124: 1-38.
  66. Butler T., Weisholtz D., Isenberg N., Harding E., Epstein J., Stern E. and Silbersweig D. (2012). Neuroimaging of frontal-limbic dysfunction in schizophrenia and epilepsy-related psychosis: toward a convergent neurobiology. Epilepsy and Behavior, 23: 113-22.
  67. Caldera R., Seghier M.L. (2009). The fusiform face area responds automatically to statistical regularities optimal for face categorization. Human Brain Mapping, 30: 1615-25.
  68. Calderone D.J., Hoptman M.J., Martínez A., Nair-Collins S., Mauro C.J., Bar M., Javitt, D.C. and Butler P.D. (2013). Contributions of low and high spatial frequency processing to impaired object recognition circuitry in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex, 23: 1849-58.
  69. Cambray J. (2009). Synchronicity: Nature and Psyche in an Interconnected Universe. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
  70. Carlsson A., Lindqvist M. (1963). Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica (Copenhagen), 20: 140-4.
  71. Chechile R.A., Anderson J.E., Krafczek S.A. and Coley S.L. (1996). A syntactic complexity effect with visual patterns: evidence for the syntactic nature of the memory representation. Journal of Expirmental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22: 654-69. Erratum in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23: 279.
  72. Clark A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36: 181-204.
  73. Collin G. et al. (2012). Symptom dimensions are associated with progressive brain volume changes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 138: 171-6.
  74. Collip D., Wigman J.T., Myin-Germeys I., Jacobs N., Derom C., Thiery E., Wichers M. and van Os J. (2013). From epidemiology to daily life: linking daily life stress reactivity to persistence of psychotic experiences in a longitudinal general population study. PLoS One, 8(4), e62688., 10.1371/journal.pone.006268DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.006268
  75. Couteau R. (1988). Jungian social neglect. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, 48: 197-202.
  76. Crick F. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis. New York: Scribner (trad. it. La scienza e l’anima. Milano: Rizzoli, 1994).
  77. Danion J.M., Rizzo L., Bruant A. (1999). Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56: 639-44.
  78. Dewdney D. (1973). A specific distortion of the human facial percept in childhood schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 47: 82-94.
  79. Edelman G.M. (1987). Neural Darwinism. New York: Basic Books (trad. it. Darwinismo neurale. Torino: Einaudi, 1995).
  80. Edelman G.M. (1989). The Remembered Present. New York: Basic Books (trad. it. Il presente ricordato. Milano: Rizzoli, 1991).
  81. Edinger E.F. (1955). Archetypal patterns in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 112: 354-7.
  82. Feigenson K.A., Kusenecov A.W., Silverstein S.M. (in press). Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
  83. Field D.J., Hayes A., Hess R.F. (1993). Contour integration by the human visual system: evidence for a local “association field”. Vision Research, 33: 173-93.
  84. Fisher H.L., Schreier A., Zammit S., Maughan B., Munafò M.R., Lewis G. and Wolke D. (2013). Pathways Between childhood victimization and psychosis-like symptoms in the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39: 1045-55.
  85. Friston K.J. (1998). The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research, 30: 115-25. Friston K.J. (1999). Schizophrenia and the disconnection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppl, 395: 68-79.
  86. Friston K.J. (2005). Disconnection and cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162: 429-32.
  87. Fuster J.M. (2003). Cortex and Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
  88. Glezer V. (1995). Vision and Mind: Modeling Mental Functions. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  89. Goodwyn E. (2012). The Neurobiology of the Gods. How Brain Physiology Shapes the Recurrent Imagery of Myth and Dreams. London: Routledge.
  90. Graham D., Meng M. (2011). Altered spatial frequency content in paintings by artists with schizophrenia. i-perception, 2, 1: 1-9., 10.1068/i0391DOI: 10.1068/i0391
  91. Grützner C., Wibral M., Sun L., Rivolta D., Singer W., Maurer K. and Uhlhaas P.J. (2013).
  92. Deficits in high- (>;60 Hz) gamma-band oscillations during visual processing in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 88., 10.3389/fnhum.2013.0008DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.0008
  93. Halpern G.J., O’Connell B.E. (2000). The security circuit: a proposed construct for the central nervous system. International Journal of Neuroscience, 102: 1-254.
  94. Haule J.R. (1983). Archetype and integration: Exploring the Janetian roots of analytical psychology. Journal of Analytic Psychology, 28: 253-67.
  95. Haule J. R. (1984). From somnambulism to the archetypes: the French roots of Jung’s split with Freud. Psychoanalytic Review, 71: 635-9.
  96. Haule J. R. (2010). Jung in the 21st Century. Vol. 1, Evolution and Archetype. London: Routledge.
  97. Hayek F.A. (1952). The Sensory Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  98. Hebb D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior. New York: Wiley (trad. it. L’organizzazione del comportamento. Milano: F. Angeli, 1975).
  99. Hess R.F., Hayes A., Field D.J. (2003). Contour integration and cortical processing. Journal of Physiology, 97: 105-19.
  100. Hoffman R., McGlashan T.H. (1993). Parallel distributed processing and the emergence of schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19: 119-40.
  101. Hoffman R., McGlashan T.H. (1994). Corticocortical connectivity, autonomous networks, and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20: 257-61.
  102. Jaffé A. (1972). The creative phases in Jung’s life. Spring: Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, 162-90.
  103. Jung C.G. (1907/1960). Über die psychologie der dementia praecox. (trad. it. La psicologia della dementia praecox. In: Opere, vol. 3. Torino: Boringhieri, 1971).
  104. Jung C.G. (1932). Jung’s 1932 article on Picasso. Retrieved from http://web.org.uk/picasso/-jung_article.html=, January 31, 2006.
  105. Jung C.G. (1939/1960). On the Psychogenesis of Schizophrenia (trad. it. Psicogenesi della schizophrenia. In: Opere, vol. 3. Torino: Boringhieri, 1971)
  106. Jung C.G. (1946/1985). Die Psychologie der Übertragung (trad. it. La psicologia della traslazione. In: Opere, vol. 16. Torino: Boringhieri, 1981).
  107. Jung C.G. (1947/1988). On the Nature of the Psyche. London: Ark Paperbacks.
  108. Jung C.G. (1948). Der Schatten (trad. it. L’Ombra. In: Opere, vol. 9/2. Torino: Boringhieri, 1982).
  109. Jung C.G. (1951/1970). Aion (trad. it. Aion. In: Opere, vol. 9/2. Torino: Boringhieri, 1982).
  110. Jung C.G. (1956). Foreword to the fourth (Swiss) edition. CW 5.
  111. Jung C.G. (1957/1960). Recent thoughts on schizophrenia (trad. it. Nuove considerazioni sulla schizofrenia. In: Opere, vol. 3. Torino: Boringhieri, 1971).
  112. Jung C.G. (1958a/1960). Schizophrenia (trad. it. La schizofrenia. In: Opere, vol. 3. Torino:
  113. Boringhieri, 1971). Jung C.G. (1959). Mandala Symbolism. Trans. R.F.C. Hull. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  114. Jung C.G. (1960/1969). Die Struktur and Dynamics of the Psyche (trad. it. La dinamica dell’inconscio. Opere, vol. 8. Torino: Boringhieri, 1976).
  115. Katz L.C., Shatz C.J. (1996). Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science, 274: 1133-8.
  116. Khandaker G.M., Zimbron J., Dalman C., Lewis G. and Jones P.B. (2012). Childhood infection and adult schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Schizophrenia Research, 139: 161-8.
  117. Knight R.A., Manoach D.S., Elliott D.S. and Hershenson M. (2000). Perceptual organization in schizophrenia: the processing of symmetrical configurations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109: 575-87.
  118. Knox J.M. (2003). Archetype, Attachment, Analysis. London: Routledge (trad. it. Archetipo, attaccamento, analisi. Rom: Ma.gi, 2007).
  119. Koestler A. (1972). The Roots of Coincidence. New York: Random House (trad. it. Le radici del caso. Roma: Astrolabio, 1972).
  120. Kring A.M., Neale J.M. (1996). Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105: 249-57.
  121. Lakoff G., Johnson M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh. New York: Basic Books.
  122. Lee K.H., Williams L.M., Breakspear M. and Gordon E. (2003a). Synchronous gamma activity: a review and contribution to an integrative neuroscience model of schizophrenia. Brain Research Reviews, 41: 57-78.
  123. Lee K.H., Williams L.M., Haig A. and Gordon E. (2003b). “Gamma (40 Hz) phase synchronicity” and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 8: 57-71.
  124. Loffler G. (2008). Perception of contours and shapes: low and intermediate stage mechanisms. Vision Research, 48: 2106-27.
  125. Mandon S., Kreiter A.K. (2005). Rapid contour integration in macaque monkeys. Vision Research, 45: 291-300.
  126. Marengo J., Harrow M., Herbener E.S. and Sands J. (2000). A prospective longitudinal 10-year study of schizophrenia’s three major factors and depression. Psychiatry Research, 97: 61-77.
  127. Mathalon D.H., Faustman W.O., Ford J.M. (2002). N400 and automatic semantic processing abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59: 641-8.
  128. Matussek P. (1952/1987). Studies in delusional perception (translated and condensed). In: Cutting J., Sheppard M., eds., Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Concept. Translations of Seminal European Contributions on Schizophrenia. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  129. McDowell M.J. (2001). Principle of organization: a dynamic-systems view of the archetypeas-such. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 46: 637-54.
  130. McGennis A. (1999). LouisWain: his life, his art and his mental illness. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 16: 27-8.
  131. McGlashan T.H. (1998). The profiles of clinical deterioration in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32: 133-41.
  132. McGlashan T.H. (2006). Schizophrenia in translation: Is active psychosis neurotoxic?. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32: 609-13.
  133. Miller B.J., Graham K.L., Bodenheimer C.M., Culpepper N.H., Waller J.L. and Buckley P.F. (2013). A prevalence study of urinary tract infections in acute relapse of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74: 271-7.
  134. Moghaddam B. (2013). A mechanistic approach to preventing schizophrenia in at-risk individuals. Neuron, 78: 1-3. Moghaddam B., Javitt D. (2012). From revolution to evolution: the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and its implication for treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37: 4-15.
  135. Möller A., Scarfetter C., Hell D. (2002). Development and termination of the working relationship of C.G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler, 1900-1909. History of Psychiatry, 13: 445-53.
  136. Morgan C., O’Donovan M., Bittner R.A., Cadenhead K.S., Jones P.B., McGrath J., Silverstein S.M., Tost H., Uhlhaas P. and Voineskos A. (in press, 2013). How can risk and resilience factors be leveraged to optimize discovery pathways? In: Silverstein S.M., Moghaddam B., Wykes T., eds., Schizophrenia: Evolution and Synthesis. Strüngmann Forum Reports, 13, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 137-64.
  137. Morris J.A. (1996). Schizophrenia, bacterial toxins and the genetics of redundancy. Medical Hypotheses, 46: 362-6.
  138. Moskowitz A. (2006). Pierre Janet’s influence on Bleuler’s concept of schizophrenia. In: Fielder P., ed., Trauma, Dissoziation, Persönlichkeit. Pierre Janet’s Beiträge zur Modernen Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.
  139. Moskowitz A., Heim G. (2011). Eugen Bleuler’s dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias: a centenary appreciation and reconsideration. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37: 471-9.
  140. Myin-Germeys I., van Os J. (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27: 409-24.
  141. Niebuhr D.W., Millikan A.M., Cowan D.N., Yolken R., Li Y. and Weber N.S. (2008). Selected infectious agents and risk of schizophrenia among U.S. military personnel. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165: 99-106.
  142. Noll R. (2004). Historical review: autointoxication and focal infection theories of dementia praecox. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 5: 66-72.
  143. Noll R. (2007). Kraepelin’s “lost biological psychiatry”? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox. History of Psychiatry, 18: 301-20.
  144. Olney J.W., Farber N.B. (1995). Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52: 998-1007.
  145. Olypher A.V., Klement D., Fenton A.A. (2006). Cognitive disorganization in hippocampus: a physiological
  146. model of the disorganization in psychosis. Journal of Neuroscience, 26: 158-68.
  147. van Os J., Krabbendam L., Myin-Germeys I. and Delespaul P. (2005). The schizophreniaenvirome. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18: 141-5.
  148. van Os J., Kenis G., Rutten B.P. (2010). The environment and schizophrenia. Nature, 468: 203-12.
  149. Palaniyappan L., Simmonite M., White T.P., Liddle E.B. and Liddle P.F. (2013). Neural primary of the salience processing system in schizophrenia. Neuron, 79: 814-28.
  150. Pasupathy A. (2006). Neural basis of shape representation in the primate brain. Progress in Brain Research, 154: 293-313.
  151. Paul G.L., Lentz R.J. (1977). Psychosocial Treatment of Chronic Mental Patients: Milieu vs. Social Learning Programs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Steven M. Silverstein, Jung’s views on causes and treatments of shizophrenia in lightof current trends in cognitive neuroscience and psychotherapy research. I.Aetiology and phenomenology in "STUDI JUNGHIANI" 40/2014, pp. 41-75, DOI:10.3280/JUN2014-040003

   

FrancoAngeli is a member of Publishers International Linking Association a not for profit orgasnization wich runs the CrossRef service, enabing links to and from online scholarly content