Clicca qui per scaricare

Condividi
Empatia e Child Abuse Potential
Titolo Rivista: MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL’INFANZIA 
Autori/Curatori: Laura Salvioni 
Anno di pubblicazione:  2020 Fascicolo: 1 Lingua: Italiano 
Numero pagine:  18 P. 113-130 Dimensione file:  214 KB
DOI:  10.3280/MAL2020-001008
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più:  clicca qui   qui 


Il presente contributo propone un’analisi della letteratura inerente alla distorsione empatica in genitori fisicamente maltrattanti (o a rischio). In particolare, attraverso l’approfondimento dei dati provenienti da studi empirici, vengono messe in luce le differenze rispetto al costrutto empatia tra genitori a basso/alto rischio di maltrattamento fisico infantile. Obiettivo principale di questo saggio è illustrare i deficit nelle competenze empatiche che i genitori a rischio di maltrattamento fisico (nei confronti dei propri figli) presentano, al fine di meglio comprendere le dinamiche maltrattanti all’interno della relazione caregiver-bambino e poter attuare programmi di prevenzione e intervento mirati a questa specifica categoria di parenting disfunzionale.


Keywords: Empatia, Child Abuse Potential, maltrattamento fisico infantile, valutazione del rischio.

  1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Maternal Sensitivity scales. Power, 6, 1379-1388.
  2. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985). Patterns of infant-mother attachments: antecedents and effects of development. Bulletin of the New York Academy of medicine, 61(9), 771.
  3. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S.M., & Stayton, D. J. (1971). Individual differences in Strange Situation behavior of one-year-olds in The origins of human social relations a cura di H.R. Schaffer, London, The Academic Press.
  4. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333., DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
  5. Ammerman, R. T. (1990). Etiological models of child maltreatment: A behavioral perspective. Behavior Modification, 14(3), 230-254., DOI: 10.1177/01454455900143002
  6. Balge, K. A., & Milner, J. S. (2000). Emotion recognition ability in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1289-1298., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00188-5
  7. Baron, R. A. (1971a). Aggression as a function of magnitude of victim’s pain cues, level of prior anger arousal, and aggressor-victim similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 48-55.
  8. Baron, R. A. (1971b). Magnitude of victim’s pain cues and level of prior anger arousal as determinants of adult aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(3), 236-248.
  9. Baron, R. A. (1974). Aggression as a function of victim’s pain cues, level of prior anger arousal, and exposure to an aggressive model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(1), 117.
  10. Baron-Cohen, S. (1991). Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others. Natural Theories of Mind: Evolution, Development and Simulation of Everyday Mindreading, 1, 233-251.
  11. Batson C. D., Coke, J. S. (1981). Empathy: A source of altruistic motivation for helping. Altruism and helping behavior: Social, Personality, and developmental perspectives, 167-187.
  12. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. London: Psychology Press.
  13. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Todd, R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 413-426., DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.413
  14. Bauer, W. D., & Twentyman, C. T. (1985). Abusing, neglectful, and comparison mothers' responses to child-related and non-child-related stressors. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 53(3), 335., DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.335
  15. Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 413-434., DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.413
  16. Berkowitz, L. (1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti-and prosocial influences of media events: a cognitive-neoassociation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 410., DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.410
  17. Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45(4), 494-503.
  18. Biassoni, F., Boga, L., Ciceri, M., Lang, M., & Rivolta, L. (2017). The co-construction of interpersonal recognition in the clinical dialogue of the diagnostic process: A multilevel analysis of the verbal content and vocal nonverbal dimension. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 81(4), 314-340.
  19. Black, H., & Phillips, S. (1982). An intervention program for the development of empathy in student teachers. The Journal of Psychology, 112(2), 159–168., DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1982.9915373
  20. Black, D. A., Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2001). Risk factors for child physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(2-3), 121-188., DOI: 10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00021-5
  21. Burgess, R. L., & Conger, R. D. (1978). Family interaction in abusive, neglectful, and normal families. Child Development, 49, 1163–1173., DOI: 10.2307/1128756
  22. Buss A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York: Wiley.
  23. Caliso, J. A., & Milner, J. S. (1992). Childhood history of abuse and child abuse screening. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16(5) 647-659., DOI: 10.1016/0145-2134(92)90103-X
  24. Caliso, J. A., & Milner, J. S. (1994). Childhood physical abuse, childhood social support, and adult child abuse potential. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(1), 27-44., DOI: 10.1177/088626094009001003
  25. Camisasca, E., & Miragoli, S. (2014). Stress post-traumatico in esperienze di violenza cronica. Maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia, 16(2), 7-11., DOI: 10.3280/MAL2014-002001
  26. Camisasca, E., & Di Blasio, P. (2014). Lo stress genitoriale media l'associazione tra Mind-mindedness materna e adattamento psicologico dei figli? Uno studio pilota. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 18(3), 479-490., DOI: 10.1449/78369
  27. Camisasca, E., Miragoli, S., Di Blasio, P., & Feinberg, M. (2019). Co-parenting mediates the influence of marital satisfaction on child adjustment: The conditional indirect effect by parental empathy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(2), 519-530.
  28. Camisasca, E., Miragoli, S., Ionio, C., Milani, L., & Di Blasio, P. (2018). Postpartum depressive symptoms and child adjustment: Which role for maternal mind-mindedness? Children’s Health Care, 47(2), 165-183., DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2017.1318389
  29. Cano A., Leonard, M. T., & Franz, A (2005): The significant other version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-S): Preliminary validation. Pain, 119(1-3), 26-37.
  30. Carey, J. C., Fox, E. A., & Spraggins, E. F. (1988). Replication of structure findings regarding the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 21(3), 102-105., DOI: 10.1080/07481756.1988.12022890
  31. Casanova, G. M., Domanic, J., McCanne, T. R., & Milner, J. S. (1994). Physiological responses to child stimuli in mothers with and without a childhood history of physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(12), 995-1004., DOI: 10.1016/0145-2134(94)90124-4
  32. Caselles, C. E., & Milner, J. S. (2000). Evaluations of child transgressions, disciplinary choices, and expected child compliance in a no-cry and crying-infant condition in physically abusive and comparison mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(4), 477-491.
  33. Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(7), 752., DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.752
  34. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.752.
  35. Christoff, K., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2000). The frontopolar cortex and human cognition: Evidence for a rostrocaudal hierarchical organization within the human prefrontal cortex. Psychobiology, 28(2), 168-186.
  36. Crittenden, P. M., & Bonvillian, J. D. (1984). The relationship between maternal risk status and maternal sensitivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54(2), 250–262.
  37. Crowe H. P., & Zeskind, P.S. (1992). Psychophysiological and perceptual responses to infant cries varying in pitch: Comparison of adults with low and high scores on the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16(1), 19-29., DOI: 10.1016/0145-2134(92)90005-C
  38. Dadds, M. R., Mullins, M. J., McAllister, R. A., & Atkinson, E. (2003). Attributions, affect, and behavior in abuse-risk mothers: A laboratory study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(1), 21–45., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00510-0
  39. Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51(2), 167-184.
  40. Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy a social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  41. Decety, J. (2002). Naturaliser l’empathie. L’Encéphale, 28(1), 9-20.
  42. Decety, J., & Hodges, S. D. (2006). The social neuroscience of empathy. Bridging Social Psychology, 103-109.
  43. Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100., DOI: 10.1177/1534582304267187
  44. Dodge, K. A. (2014). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In Cognitive perspectives on children's social and behavioral development (pp. 85-134). London: Psychology Press.
  45. Dopke, C. A., & Milner, J. S. (2000). Impact of child noncompliance on stress appraisals, attributions, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(4), 493-504., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00110-1
  46. Dubnicki, C. (1975). Relationships among therapist empathy and authoritarianism and a therapist’s prognosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 958-959.
  47. Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1987). A developmental view of the psychological consequences of maltreatment. School Psychology Review, 16(2), 156-168.
  48. Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review in Psychology, 51(1), 665-697.
  49. Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94(1), 100., DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100
  50. Emery, H. T., McElwain, N. L., Groh, A. M., Haydon, K. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). Maternal dispositional empathy and electrodermal reactivity: Interactive contributions to maternal sensitivity with toddler-aged children  Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 505.
  51. Eysenck, H., & Eysenck, M. (1985). Personality and individual differences. New York: Plenum Press.
  52. Feshbach, S. (1964). The function of aggression and the regulation of aggressive drive. Psychological Review, 71(4), 257-272.
  53. Fonagy, P. (1998). Attachment theory approach to treatment of the difficult patient. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 62(2), 147-169.
  54. Fonagy, P. (1999). Psychoanalytic theory from the viewpoint of attachment theory and research. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 595-624). New York, NY, US: The Guildford Press.
  55. Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Moran, G. S., Steele, H., & Higgitt, A. (1992). The integration of psychoanalytic theory and work on attachment: The issue of intergenerational psychic processes. Bari: Laterza.
  56. Geen, R.G. (1970). Perceived suffering of the victim as an inhibitor of attack-induced aggression. The Journal of Social Psychology, 81(2), 209-215., DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1970.9922442
  57. Goubert, L., Craig, K. D., Vervoort, T., Morley, S., Sullivan, M. J. L., Williams, A. C., Cano, A., & Crombez, G. (2005): Facing others in pain: The effects of empathy. Pain, 118(3), 285-288, 2005.
  58. Haskett, M. E., Scott, S. S., Grant, R., Ward, C. S., & Robinson, C. (2003). Child-related cognitions and affective functioning of physically abusive and comparison parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(6), 663-686., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00103-0
  59. Hodges, S. D., & Wegner, D. M. (1997). Automatic and controlled empathy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 311-339). New York: Guildford.
  60. Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus multiple univariate analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 302-308., DOI: 10.1037/10109-030
  61. Ickes, W. (1997). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY; US: The Guildford Press.
  62. Ickes, W. (2003). Everyday mind reading, New York: Prometheus.
  63. Kilkpatrick, K. L. (2005). The parental empathy measure: A new approach to assessing child maltreatment risk. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 608-620., DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.75.4.608
  64. Main, M. (2000). The organized categories of infant, child, and adult attachment: Flexible vs. inflexible attention under attachment-related stress. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1055-1096., DOI: 10.1177/00030651000480041801
  65. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development., DOI: 10.2307/3333827
  66. Mammen, O., Kolko, D., & Pilkonis, P. (2003). Parental cognitions and satisfaction: Relationship to aggressive parental behavior in child physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 8(4), 288-301., DOI: 10.1177/1077559503257112
  67. McDowell, D. J., Parke, R. D., & Spitzer, S. (2002). Parent and child cognitive representations of social situations and children’s social competence. Social Development, 11(4), 469-486., DOI: 10.1111/1467-9507.00211
  68. McElroy, E. M., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2008). Mothers of children with externalizing behavior problems: Cognitive risk factors for abuse potential and discipline style and practices. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 774-784.
  69. Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
  70. Meins, E. (1999). Linguistic acquisitional style and mentalising development: The role of maternal mind-mindedness. Cognitive Development, 14(3), 363-380., DOI: 10.1016/S0885-2014(99)00010-6
  71. Milani, L., & Gagliardi, G. (2013). Fattori di rischio e di protezione nella valutazione delle competenze parentali di famiglie italiane e famiglie immigrate. Maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia, 15(1), 59-80., DOI: 10.3280/MAL2013-001004
  72. Milani, L., Grumi, S., Gagliardi, G., & Di Blasio, P. (2016). Famiglie italiane e immigrate: identificare fattori di rischio e di protezione nella valutazione delle competenze genitoriali. Psicologia della salute, 1, 67-89., DOI: 10.3280/PDS2016-001008
  73. Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
  74. Milner, J. S. (2000). Social information processing and child physical abuse: Theory and research. In D. J. Hansen (Ed.), Motivation and child maltreatment is Vol. 46 in the series Current theory and research in motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Vol. 46, 1998: Motivation and child maltreatment (pp. 39-84). Lincoln, NE, US: University of Nebraska Press.
  75. Milner, J. S. (2003). Social Information Processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents. Child Abuse & Neglect 27 (2003) 7-20., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00506-9
  76. Milner, J. S., Halsey, L. B., & Fultz, J. (1995). Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli in high-and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(6), 767-780., DOI: 10.1016/0145-2134(95)00035-7
  77. Milner J. S., Gold R. G., & Wimberley, R. C. (1986). Prediction and explanation of child abuse: Cross-validation of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(6), 865-866.
  78. Miragoli, S., Balzarotti, S., Camisasca, E., & Di Blasio, P. (2018). Parents’ perception of child behavior, parenting stress, and child abuse potential: Individual and partner influences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84, 146-156.
  79. Miragoli, S., Camisasca, E., & Di Blasio, P. (2015). Validation of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory in Italy: A preliminary study. SAGE Open, 5(3), 1-11., DOI: 10.1177/2158244015597044
  80. Miragoli, S., Camisasca, E., Di Blasio, P., Milani, L., Ionio, C., Gizzi, N., Cammarella, A., & Malagoli Togliatti, M. (2016). Child Abuse Potential Inventory in Italy: A comparative study of abusive and non-abusive parents. Journal of Child Custody, 13(4), 289-306., DOI: 10.1080/15379418.2016.1250145
  81. Miragoli, S., Procaccia, R., & Di Blasio, P. (2014). Language use and PTSD symptoms: Content analyses of allegations of child sexual abuse. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 14(5), 355-382., DOI: 10.1080/15228932.2014.970423
  82. Montes, M. P., de Paul, J., & Milner, J. S. (2001). Evaluations, attributions, affect, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1015–1036., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00254-X
  83. Parke, R. D., & Slaby, R. G. (1983). The development of aggression. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Manual of child psychology. Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 549-641). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  84. Paul, J., Albéniz, P. A., Guibert, M., Asla, N., & Ormaechea, A. (2008). Dispositional empathy in neglectful mothers and mothers at high risk for child physical abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-15., DOI: 10.1177/0886260507313532
  85. Perez-Albeniz, A., & De Paul, J. (2003). Dispositional empathy in high-and low-risk parents for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(7), 769-780., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00111-X
  86. Perez-Albeniz, A., & De Paul, J. (2004). Gender differences in empathy in parents at high-and low-risk of child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(3), 289-300.
  87. Perez-Albeniz, A., & De Paul, J. (2005). Empathy in individuals at risk for child physical abuse: The effect of victim’s pain cues on aggression. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 31(4), 336-349.
  88. Riggio, R. E., Tucker, J., & Coffaro, D. (1989). Social skills and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(1), 93-99., DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90184-0
  89. Rodriguez, C. M. (2013). Analog of parental empathy: Association with physical child abuse risk. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(8), 493-499.
  90. Schetky, D. H., Angell, R., Morrison, C. V., & Sack, W. H. (1979). Parents who fail: A study of 51 cases of termination of parental rights. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 366-383., DOI: 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61049-9
  91. Siegel, D. J. (2000). La mente relazionale. Neurobiologia dell’esperienza interpersonale. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  92. Steele, B. (1980). Psychodynamic and biological factors in child maltreatment. In C. Kempe & R. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child (pp. 73-103). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  93. Verrocchio, M. C., & c, S. (2008). Traiettorie di rischio: studi e ricerche su fattori di rischio e di protezione. Maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia, 10(3), 45-71.
  94. Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrmann, S., Happé, F., Falkai, P., & Zilles, K. (2001). Mind reading: neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective. Neuroimage, 14(1), 170-181.
  95. Wiehe, V. R. (1985). Empathy and locus of control in child abusers. Journal of Social Service Research, 9, 17-30.
  96. Wiehe, V. R. (2003). Empathy and narcissism in a sample of child abuse perpetrators and a comparison sample of foster parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(5), 541-555., DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00034-6

Laura Salvioni, in "MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL’INFANZIA" 1/2020, pp. 113-130, DOI:10.3280/MAL2020-001008

   

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association associazione indipendente e no profit per facilitare l'accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche