Disaster Management and Migration: Evolution and shortcomings of the new legal instruments adopted in the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Nepal

Journal title SOCIOLOGIA DEL DIRITTO
Author/s Olimpia G. Loddo
Publishing Year 2020 Issue 2019/3
Language Italian Pages 25 P. 157-181 File size 304 KB
DOI 10.3280/SD2019-003008
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

This article is a critical reconstruction of the new legal instruments on disaster management and migration provided by the Philippines, Bangladesh and Nepal (three countries that are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events). In the last ten years Philippines, Bangla-desh and Nepal endorsed the main international agreements on disaster management and adopted new national Disaster Management Acts. Despite several legal improvements, sets of shortcomings still undermine the effectiveness of the new legislative measures, namely: lacks in the protection of (especially non-national) disaster displaced people, international and re-gional isolation, lack of co-ordination between the different levels of governance, abuse of non-binding instruments; uncertainty; social and cultural dynamics. The national legislators should take into account the problems deriving from the internal dynamics of the local social groups, in order to achieve the objectives outlined by international legislation.

Keywords: Disaster management - Migration - Philippines - Bangladesh - Nepal - World Conference on Disaster Reduction

  1. Ang See, Teresita, 2007. Influx of New Chinese Immigrants to the Philippines: Problems and Challenges. In Thunø Mette (eds.), Beyond Chinatown: New Chinese Migration and the Global Expansion of China. Copenaghen: NIAS Press.
  2. Arbee, Awaina, & Saadiah Ismail, 24.05.2018. Government to Review MoU on Importing 1.5 mil Bangladeshi Workers. New Straits Times, -- https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/372702/govt-review-mou-importing-15-mil-bangladeshi-workers.
  3. Ayers, Jessica, Nanki Kaur, & Simon Anderson, 2011. Negotiating Climate Resilience in Nepal. IDS Bulletin, 42(3): 70-79.
  4. Azad, Ashraful, 2017. Foreigners Act and the Freedom of Movement of Rohingyas in Bangladesh. Griffith Journal of Law& Human Dignity, 5: 183-206.
  5. Bailat, Alice, 2018. De la vulnérabilité au weak power: Le Bangladesh face au changement climatique. Revue internationale et stratégique, 109: 171-80.
  6. Ballano, Vivencio O., 2017. Law, Normative Pluralism, and Post-disaster Recovery. Evaluating the Post-disaster Relocation and Housing Project of Typhoon Ketsana Victims in the Philippines. Singapore: Springer.
  7. Bari, Ehteshamul, 2014. The Unjust Exercise of Emergency Powers in Bangladesh and their Consequent Impact on the Fundamental Rights. A Critical Appraisal. Jurisprudencija-Jurisprudence, 21: 578-98. DOI: 10.13165/JUR-14-21-2-1
  8. Bartlett Ryan, Luna Bharati, Dhruba Pant, Heather Hosterman & Peter McCornick, 2010. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Nepal, Colombo (Sri Lanka): International Water Management Institute.
  9. Battistella, Graziano, 2014. Global and Asian Perspectives on International Migration, Geneva: Springer.
  10. Battistella, Graziano, & Maruja Milagros B. Asis, 2013. Country Migration Report: The Philippines. Quezon City: International Organization for Migration & Scalabrini Migration Center.
  11. Bhattacharjee, Shubhra, Bijeta Saha, Bohnni Saha, Md. Sadib Uddin & Chowdhury Hasanul Panna, 2019. Groundwater Governance in Bangladesh: Established Practices and Recent Trends. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 8: 69-81.
  12. Beeson, Mark, 2009. Institutions of the Asia-Pacific ASEAN, APEC, and beyond. New York: Routledge.
  13. Blank, Nathan R., 2011. Making Migration Policy: Reflections on the Philippines’ Bilateral Labor Agreements. Asia Politics & Policy, 3: 185-205.
  14. Caballero-Anthony, Mely, 2018. Negotiating Governance on Non-traditional Security in Southeast Asia and Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press.
  15. CLISEL, Interactive Maps. https://clisel-wp3.vanhulst.one/maps (visitato il 25 aprile 2019).
  16. Coleman, James S., 1988. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
  17. Corrigan, Jim, 2004. Filipino Immigration. Broomall: Mason Crest Publishers.
  18. CNN Philippines Staff, 24.01.2018. PH rejects €6.1 million in EU aid. CNN Philippines, -- http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/24/6.1-million-euro-aid-rejected.html.
  19. Dixit, Amod M., Surya N. Shrestha, Ramesh Guragain, Bishnu H. Pandey, Khadga S. Oli, Sujan R. Adhikari, Surya P. Acharya, Ganesh K. Jimee, Bijay K. Upadhyaya, Surya B. Sangachhe, Nisha Shrestha, Suman Pradhan, Ranjan Dhungel, Pramod Khatiwada, Ayush Baskota, Achyut Poudel, Maritess Tandingan, Niva U. Mathema, Bhuwaneshwori Parajuli, Gopi K. Basyal, Suresh Chaudhary, Govinda R. Bhatta, & Narayan Marasini, 2017. Risk Management, Response, Relief, Recovery, Reconstruction, and Future Disaster Risk Reduction. In Dipendra Gautam, Hugo Filipe Pinheiro Rodrigues (eds.), Impacts and Insights of the Gorkha Earthquake. Amsterdam: Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812808-4.00005-5
  20. Dulal, Hari Bansha, Gernot Brodnig, Hemanta Kumar Thakur & Charity Green-Onoriose, 2010. Do the poor have what they need to adapt to climate change? A case study of Nepal Local Environment. The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 15: 621-35. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2010.498814
  21. Gaens, Bart, 2018. Two Decades of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) In: Bart Gaens & Gauri Khandekar (eds.), Inter-regional Relations and the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  22. Gonzalez, Joaquin Lucero, 1998. Philippines Labour Migration: Critical Dimensions of Public Policy. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  23. Go, Stella P., 2007. Asian Labor Migration. The Role of Bilateral Labor and Similar Agreements. Regional Informal Workshop on Labor Migration in Southeast Asia. What Role for Parliaments, 21-23 September 2007: Manila, Philippines.
  24. Haque, Ubydul, Masahiro Hashizume, Korine N Kolivras, Hans J Overgaard, Bivash Das, & Taro Yamamoto, 2012. Reduced death rates from cyclones in Bangladesh: what more needs to be done? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90:150-56.
  25. Islam, Aminul, Rajib Shaw & Fuad Mallick, 2013. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plans. In Rajib Shaw, Fuad Mallick & Aminul Islam (eds.), Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh Disaster Risk Reduction. Tokyo: Springer.
  26. ILO, 2016. Labour Migration for Employment A Status Report for Nepal: 2014/2015. -- https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-kathmandu/documents/publication/wcms_500311.pdf (visitato il 25 aprile 2019).
  27. Kamal Masud-All & Monirul Hassan, 2018. The link between social capital and disaster recovery: evidence from coastal communities in Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 93: 1547-1564.
  28. Kelman, Ilan & Michael H. Glantz, 2015. Analyzing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6: 105-6.
  29. Koh, Kheng-Lian, & Rose-Liza Eisma Osorio, 2015. The Role of ASEAN in Disaster Management: Legal Frameworks and Case Study of typhoon Haiyan-Yolanda. In Ilan Kelman (eds.), Adaptation to Climate Change ASEAN and Comparative Experiences. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
  30. Kharelf, Dipesh, 2016. From Lahures to Global Cooks: Network Migration from the Western Hills of Nepal to Japan. Social Science Japan Journal, 19: 173-92.
  31. Knox, John H., 2015. Report of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, -- https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/017/26/PDF/G1501726.pdf?OpenElement (visitato il 25.04.2019).
  32. Lam, Ming Lama, & Rob Kuipersb, 2019. Resilience and Disaster Governance: Some Insights from the 2015 Nepal Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 33: 321-31.
  33. Lee, Andrew C.K., 2016. Barriers to Evidence-based Disaster Management in Nepal: a Qualitative Study. Public Health, 113, 99-106.
  34. Lewis, Bridget, & Rowena Maguire, 2015. A Human Rights-based Approach to Disaster Displacement in the Asia-Pacific. Asian Journal of International Law, 6: 326-52. DOI: 10.1017/S2044251315000168
  35. Malla, Binayak, & Mark S. Rosenbaum, 2012. Understanding Nepalese Labor Migration to Gulf Countries. Journal of Poverty, 21: 411-33. DOI: 10.1080/10875549.2016.1217578.
  36. Manandhar, Mohan Das, George Varughese, Arnold M. Howitt & Erica Kelly, 2017. Disaster Preparedness and Response during Political Transition in Nepal. San Francisco: The Asia Foundation.
  37. Mayer, Benoît, 2012. Climate Change, Migration, and International Law in Southeast Asia. In Ilan Kelman (eds.), Adaptation to Climate Change ASEAN and Comparative Experiences. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
  38. McAdam, Jane, 2016. From the Nansen Initiative to the Platform on Disaster Displacement: Shaping International Approaches to Climate Change, Disasters and Displacement. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 39: 1518-46.
  39. McLeman, Robert, 2014. Climate and Human Migration: Past Experiences, Future Challenges. Cambridge University Press.
  40. McLeman Robert, & Barry Smit, 2006. Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change. Climatic Change, 76: 31-53.
  41. Mohsin, I.M.M., 2002. The Law of Citizenship and Passports of Bangladesh. Dhaka: New Warsi Book Corporation.
  42. Nepal, Pashupati, Narendra Raj Khanal & Bishnu Prasad Pangali Sharma, 2018. Policies and Institutions for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal: A Review. The Geographical Journal of Nepal, 11: 1-24.
  43. Nurmandi, Achmad, Jovita Hazel, Mutiarin Dyah & Moner Yasmira, 2019. Social Capital and Disasters: How Does Social Capital Shape Post-disaster Conditions in the Philippines? Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 29(1): 1-17. DOI: 10.1080/10911359.2018.1556143
  44. Platform on Disaster Displacement. -- https://disasterdisplacement.org/the-platform/our-response.
  45. Renshaw, Catherine Shanahan, 2013. The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration 2012. Human Rights Law Review, 13: 557-79.
  46. Sáez, Lawrence, 2012. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An Emerging Collaboration Architecture. New York: Routledge.
  47. —, 2018. Bangladesh in 2017. Bloggers, Floods, and Refugees. Asian Survey, 58: 127-33.
  48. Setyawati, Dinita, 2013. Assets or commodities? Comparing regulations of placement and protection of migrant workers in Indonesia and the Philippines. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Südostasienwissenschaften, 6: 264-80. DOI: 10.4232/10.ASEAS-6.2-3
  49. Sharma, Sanjay, Shibani Pandey, Dinesh Pathak & Bimbika Sijapati-Basnett, 2014. State of Migration in Nepal. Kathmandu: Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility.
  50. Sijapati, Bandita, & Amrita Limbu, 2017. Governing Labour Migration in Nepal. Kathmandu: Himal Books.
  51. Thomalla, Frank, Tom Downing, Erika Spanger-Siegfried, Guoyi Han, & Johan Rockström, 2006. Reducing Hazard Vulnerability: Towards a Common Approach between Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Adaptation. Disasters, 30: 39-48.
  52. Tozier de la Poterie, Arielle, & Marie-Ange Baudoin, 2015. From Yokohama to Sendai: Approaches to Participation. International Disaster Risk Reduction Frameworks, 6: 128–39.
  53. Ullah, Ahsan Akm, 2011. Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9: 139-61. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2011.567149
  54. Watson, Iain, 2017. Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction: Reclassifying Diversity and National Identity in Post-earthquake Nepal. Third World Quarterly, 38: 483-504. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2016.1159913
  55. Wickramasekara, Piyasiri, & L.K. Ruhunage, 2018a. Core Elements of a Bilateral Agreement or a Memorandum of Understanding on Labour Migration. Geneva-Dhaka: International Labour Organization. ISBN: 978-92-2-131703-6.
  56. —, 2018b. Core Elements of a Bilateral Agreement or a Memorandum of Understanding on Labour Migration. Geneva-Dhaka: International Labour Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-131705-0.
  57. —, 2018c. Core Elements of a Bilateral Agreement or a Memorandum of Understanding on Labour Migration. Geneva-Dhaka: International Labour Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-131701-2.
  58. Yuval, Ginbar, 2010. Human Rights in ASEAN-Setting Sail or Treading Water? Human Rights Law Review, 10: 504-518.
  59. Zorzi Giustiniani, Flavia, ‎Emanuele Sommario & ‎Federico Casolari, 2018. Handbook of Human Rights and Disasters. London: Routledge.

Olimpia G. Loddo, Disaster management e migrazioni. Evoluzione e limiti dei nuovi strumenti giuridici adottati nelle Filippine, in Bangladesh e in Nepal in "SOCIOLOGIA DEL DIRITTO " 3/2019, pp 157-181, DOI: 10.3280/SD2019-003008