LIBRI DI ARTURO LORENZONI

Achieving the ambitious 2020 targets in greenhouse gases’ emissions reduction is a challenging task for industrialized economies and requires a coordinated action. A pivotal role is given to local administrations, that are called to drive the conversion of the energy sector towards low carbon technologies. The paper proposes a decision support tool based on local climate action plans for a holistic approach to the emission reduction in different energy intensive sectors (transport, constructions, electricity supply, energy generation). The tool is aimed at identifying suitable measures for the design and control of GHG actions. A set of indicators to evaluate the performance of local policies, linked to GIS based maps for an effective impact on territories is proposed. A smart use of existing information can help to optimize the energy supply at local level, to follow the improvement of performances and to weigh future scenarios.

Electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Italy: The costs of the "System" Inefficiences - The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) is a high European Union (EU) priority for several reasons, including the security and diversification of energy supply, environmental protection and social and economic cohesion. The EU Council’s decision of 9 March 2007 points towards increasing renewable penetration to 20% of total primary energy supply by 2020 (binding target). There are both costs and benefits associated with the achievement of such an ambitious target. For renewable technologies, the industrial cost is often higher compared to other energy sources. however, due to learning curve effects and market diffusion, technology related costs are coming down considerably. In some cases, when the external costs are taken into account by the price system, renewables can now be close to competitive with fossil fuels. With particular reference to renewable electricity in Italy, its development is often hampered by burdensome and time consuming authorisation procedures with the consequence of a high "mortality" rate for the investments in the sector, leading to increased costs for the project management. Therefore, in these projects an important cost factor is the high cost of capital due to risk. The analysis of the various renewables’ support mechanisms currently in place in the EU shows that some types of incentive have proven to be more efficient than others in reducing the risk perception of investors and financing institutions, therefore making projects less expensive by reducing the cost of capital (both debt and equity). Therefore the focus here is on the electricity generation costs of some renewable technologies and on the costs related to the "additional" risk perceived by investors/lenders in the sector. The authors estimate the additional cost of capital which investors pay when operating in a risky environment. Some policy indications are finally given to reduce the non-technology related costs for a faster and more efficient growth of the sector. JEL Class. L98, Q28, Q48 Key words: renewable energy, electricity cost, administrative procedures, system inefficiency