Measuring burnout among health-care workers: construct validity and factorial invariance of the Italian version of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI-Ita)

Journal title PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE
Author/s Sara Viotti, Gloria Guidetti, Pedro Gil-Monte, Daniela Converso
Publishing Year 2017 Issue 2017/1 Language Italian
Pages 22 P. 123-144 File size 299 KB
DOI 10.3280/PDS2017-001007
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

Background. Burnout is an important risk among healthcare workers. Therefore, the availability of reliable and valid instruments to measure burnout is crucial in helping healthcare management to determine the dimension of the problem inside an organization and to prevent it and its consequences through appropriate intervention programs. Aim. The purpose of the present study was to provide empirical evidence as regards the psychometric properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI-Ita) among Italian healthcare workers. Method. Data were collected in two different studies. Study I involved 318 healthcare workers, including various occupations. Dataset from Study II consisted of 695 workers (nurses=453; physicians=242). Results. The analyses on the dataset from Study I, based on the comparisons of models including various numbers of factors, indicated the best fit to the data was reported by the four-factor structure hypothesized by Gil-Monte (Enthusiasm towards the job, Psychological exhaustion, Indolence, Guilt). The analyses on the dataset from Study II highlighted that the factorial structure was invariant across nurses and physicians (scalar invariance). Discussion and Conclusions. This study provides evidence for the adequate psychometric properties of SBI-Ita among healthcare workers. An Italian version of SBI may offer to occupational health practitioners an expanded conceptualization of this syndrome, and can be employed to assess burnout both in a psychosocial and in a clinical perspective. .

Keywords: Spanish Burnout Inventory, physicians, nurses, Confirmatory Factor Analyses, Factorial Invariance

  1. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L. and Williams J.B. (2001). The PHQ-9: a validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9): 606-613.
  2. Avanzi L., Balducci C. and Fraccaroli F. (2013). Contributo alla validazione italiana del Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) [Contribution to the validation of the Italian version of Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI)]. Psicologia della Salute, 2(2): 120-135. DOI: 10.3280/PDS2013-00200
  3. Baumeister R.F., Stillwell A.M. and Heatherton T.F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115: 243-267. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.24
  4. Brenninkmeyer V. and Van Yperen N.W. (2003). How to conduct research on burnout: advantages and disadvantages of a unidimensional approach in burnout research. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(1): i16-i20.
  5. Byrne B.M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York (NY): Taylor & Francis Group, Routledge.
  6. Cohen T.R., Panter A.T. and Turan N. (2013). Predicting counterproductive work behavior from guilt proneness. Journal of Business Ethics, 114: 45-53.
  7. Del Rio G. (1990). Stress e lavoro nei servizi: sintomi, cause e rimedi del burnout. [Stress and working in the social services: causes and cures of burnout]. Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.
  8. Demerouti E. (1999). Burnout: Eine Folge Konkreter Abeitsbedingungen bei Dienstleistungs und Produktionstdtigkeiten [Burnout: A consequence of specific working conditions among human service and production tasks]. Frankfurt/Main: Lang.
  9. Figueiredo-Ferraz H., Gil-Monte P. and Grau-Alberola E. (2013). Psychometric properties of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory” (SBI): Adaptation and validation in a Portuguese-speaking sample. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(1): 33-40.
  10. Figueiredo-Ferraz H., Gil-Monte P., Queirós C. and Passos F. (2014). Factorial Validity of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory” among Portuguese Police Officers. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27(2): 291-299. DOI: 10.1590/1678-7153.20142720
  11. Ghatavi K., Nicolson R., MacDonald C., Osher O., and Levitt, A. (2002). Defining guilt in depression: A comparison of subjects with major depression, chronic medical illness and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 68: 307-315. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00335-
  12. Gil-Monte P. (2005). El síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (Burnout): una enfermedad laboral en la sociedad del bienestar. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4614.880
  13. Gil-Monte P., Figueiredo-Ferraz H. and Valdez-Bonilla H. (2013). Factor analysis of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory” among Mexican prison employees. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 45(2): 96-104.
  14. Gil-Monte P. and Figueiredo-Ferraz H. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory among employees working with people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57: 959-968.
  15. Gil-Monte P. and Manzano-García G. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory among staff nurses. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22 (10): 756-763.
  16. Gil-Monte P. and Olivares V. (2011). Psychometric properties of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory” in Chilean professionals working to physical disabled people. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(1): 441-451.
  17. Gil-Monte, P. and Zúniga-Caballero, L.C. (2010). Validez factorial del “Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo” (CESQT) en una muestra de médicos mexicanos [Factorial validity of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory” (SBI) in a sample of Mexican doctors]. Universitas Psychologica, 9: 169-178.
  18. Gil-Monte P. (2012). The Influence of Guilt on the Relationship Between Burnout and Depression. European Psychologist, 17(3): 231-236.
  19. Hamric A B. and Blackhall, L. J. (2007). Nurse-physician perspectives on the care of dying patients in intensive care units: Collaboration, moral distress, and ethical climate. Critical care medicine, 35(2): 422-429. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254722.50608.2
  20. Hall P. (2005). Interprofessional teamwork: Professional cultures as barriers. Journal of Interprofessional care, 19(1): 188-196. DOI: 10.1080/135618205000817
  21. Hu L. and Bentler F.B. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6: 1-55. DOI: 10.1080/1070551990954011
  22. Jones, J.W. (1980). The Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals (SBS-HP): Preliminary Test Manual. London House Press.
  23. Kanste O., Miettunen J. and Kyngäs H. (2006). Factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Finnish nursing staff. Nursing & Health Sciences, 8(4): 201-207.
  24. Kline R.B. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  25. Kristensen T.S., Borritz M., Villadsen E. and Christensen K.B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work and Stress,19(3): 192-207. DOI: 10.1080/0267837050029772
  26. Loera B., Converso D. and Viotti S. (2014). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among Italian nurses: how many factors must a researcher consider? PloS one, 9(12): e114987.
  27. Magnavita N., Fileni A. and Bergamaschi A. (2009). Satisfaction at work among radiologists. La Radiologia Medica, 114: 1330-1344.
  28. Maslach C. (2003). Burnout: The cost of caring. Cambridge (MA): Malor Books.
  29. Maslach C. and Jackson S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2): 99-113.
  30. Mazzotti E., Fassone G., Picardi A., Sagoni E., Ramieri L., Lega I., Camaioni D., Abeni D. and Pasquini P. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for the screening of psychiatric disorder: a validation study versus the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I (SCID-I). Italian Journal of Psychopatology, 9: 235-242.
  31. Meade A.W., Johnson E.C. and Braddy P.W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3): 568-592. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.56
  32. Obholzer A. e Zagier Roberts V. (1998). L’inconscio al lavoro: stress individuale e organizzativo nei servizi alla persona. Milano: Etas libri.
  33. Olivares-Faúndez V.E., Gil-Monte P.R. and Figueiredo-Ferraz H. (2014). The mediating role of feelings of guilt in the relationship between burnout and the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(4): 340-348.
  34. Pines A. and Aronson E. (1980). Career burnout: Causes and cures. New York: Free Press, 1988.
  35. Pisanti R., Lombardo C., Lucidi F., Violani C. and Lazzari D. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services among Italian nurses: a test of alternative models. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(3): 697-707.
  36. Poghosyan L., Aiken L.H. and Sloane D.M. (2009). Factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: an analysis of data from large scale cross-sectional surveys of nurses from eight countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(7): 894-902.
  37. Rabasa B., Figueiredo-Ferraz H., Gil-Monte P.R. and M. Llorca-Pellicer (2016). The Role of Guilt in the Relationship Between Teacher’s Job Burnout Syndrome and the Inclination Toward Absenteeism. Revista de Psicodidactica, 21: 103-119.
  38. Richardsen, A.M. and Martinussen, M. (2004). The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Factorial validity and consistency across occupational groups in Norway. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77: 377-384. DOI: 10.1348/096317904175269
  39. Santinello M. (2005). LBQ. Link Burnout Questionnaire, il manuale. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali.
  40. Schaufeli W.B. and Enzmann D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. London: Taylor e Francis.
  41. Seligman M.E. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. New York: WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt e Co.
  42. Tucker L.R. and Lewis C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38: 1-10. DOI: 10.1007/BF0229117
  43. Viotti S. and Converso, D. (2016). Relationship between job demands and psychological outcomes among nurses: does skill discretion matter. International Journal of Occupational Medicine Environmental Health, 29(3): 439-460.
  44. Viotti S., Gil-Monte P. and Converso D. (2015). Toward validating the Italian version of the “Spanish Burnout Inventory”: a preliminary study on an Italian nursing sample. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 49(5): 819-825. DOI: 10.1590/S0080-62342015000050001
  45. Warr P., Cook J.D. and Wall T.D. (1979). Scales for the measurement of work attitudes and psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 58: 129-148.

  • Feeling Guilty or Not Guilty. Identifying Burnout Profiles among Italian Teachers Gloria Guidetti, Sara Viotti, Pedro R. Gil-Monte, Daniela Converso, in Current Psychology /2018 pp.769
    DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9556-6
  • We cannot be “forever young,” but our children are: A multilevel intervention to sustain nursery school teachers’ resources and well-being during their long work life cycle Ilaria Sottimano, Gloria Guidetti, Daniela Converso, Sara Viotti, Leonidas G Koniaris, in PLOS ONE /2018 pp.e0206627
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206627
  • I’ll Be a Caregiver-Employee: Aging of the Workforce and Family-to-Work Conflicts Daniela Converso, Ilaria Sottimano, Sara Viotti, Gloria Guidetti, in Frontiers in Psychology 246/2020
    DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00246
  • When social support by patrons protects against burnout: A study among Italian public library workers Mara Martini, Sara Viotti, Daniela Converso, Jolanda Battaglia, Barbara Loera, in Journal of Librarianship and Information Science /2019 pp.1091
    DOI: 10.1177/0961000618763716
  • Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory in University Teachers in Hybrid Education Angel Deroncele-Acosta, Pedro R. Gil-Monte, Roger P. Norabuena-Figueroa, Pedro Gil-LaOrden, in Chronic Stress 24705470231214950/2023
    DOI: 10.1177/24705470231214950

Sara Viotti, Gloria Guidetti, Pedro Gil-Monte, Daniela Converso, La misurazione del burnout nei contesti sanitari: validità di costrutto e invarianza fattoriale della versione italiana dello Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI-Ita) in "PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE" 1/2017, pp 123-144, DOI: 10.3280/PDS2017-001007