Organized Labor and the Tech Giants

Titolo Rivista GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI
Autori/Curatori Charles Szymanski
Anno di pubblicazione 2022 Fascicolo 2022/173
Lingua Inglese Numero pagine 40 P. 69-108 Dimensione file 393 KB
DOI 10.3280/GDL2022-173004
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

Il movimento sindacale negli Stati Uniti sta cercando di invertire la rotta rispetto a un decennio di caduta libera. Nel 2021 i tassi di sindacalizzazione del settore privato si collocavano appena sopra il 6%, e varie recenti misure legislative e giudiziarie (per esempio, la decisione nel caso Janus) hanno pressoché privato i sindacati del settore pubblico della loro capacità di racco-gliere fondi e rappresentare i dipendenti pubblici. A seguito delle elezioni del novembre 2020, con il Partito democratico - che tradizionalmente supporta le istanze connesse al lavoro - che poteva contare sulla Presidenza, sulla Camera dei Rappresentanti e sul Senato, si sperava in una rinascita del sindacato. Purtroppo, anche queste speranze sono state vanificate dalla schiacciante sconfitta di un sindacato di lavoratori della logistica in una campagna di alto pro-filo condotta per organizzare i lavoratori Amazon in un magazzino dell’Alabama nell’aprile del 2021. La sconfitta è stata simbolicamente devastante, poiché una vittoria in quelle elezioni avrebbe rappresentato un importante segnale della rilevanza dei sindacati nella new economy per l’organizzazione dei lavoratori di uno dei cinque "giganti della tecnologia" americani (Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Facebook e Apple). Questo articolo esamina le prospettive dei sindacati nell’organizzare i dipendenti dei "giganti della tecnologia" a seguito della loro scon-fitta nella vicenda Amazon. In particolare, emergono chiari elementi per sostenere che i dipen-denti dei "giganti della tecnologia" hanno bisogno e possono beneficiare di un’azione colletti-va per raggiungere i loro interessi, e i sindacati possono giocare un ruolo chiave nell’aiutarli a soddisfare tale esigenza.

Keywords:Sindacati; Contrattazione collettiva; "Giganti della tecnologia"”; Lavoratori della tecnologia; Organizzazione.

  1. Akbar A.A., Ashar S.M., Simonson J. (2021). Movement Law. SLR, 73: 821 ss.
  2. Albergotti R. (2022). Some Apple Store Employees are Working to Unionize, Part of a Growing Worker Backlash. Washington Post, 18.2.2022, -- https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/18/apple-retail-stores-union-labor/
  3. Allen B. (2020). Google Employees Demand Company Rehire Black Scientist Who Spoke Up About Diversity, NPR All Things Considered, 17.12.2020, -- https://www.npr.org/2020/ 12/17/947693839/google-employees-demand-company-rehire-black-scientist-who-spoke-up-about-divers.
  4. Andrius K. (2016). The New Labor Law. YLJ, 126: 2 ss.
  5. Arnow-Richman R. (2016). Modifying At-Will Employment Contracts. BCLR, 57: 427 ss.
  6. Ashley B. (2020). Why Instagram influencers are unionizing. Vogue Business, 13.7.2020, -- https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/why-instagram-influencers-are-unionising
  7. Atleson J.B. (1994). Law and Union Power: Thoughts on the United States and Canada. BLR, 42: 463 ss.
  8. Bales R. (2017). Resurrecting Labor. MLR, 77: 1 ss.
  9. Block S. (2020). Go Big or Go Home: The Case for Clean Slate Labor Law Reform. BJELL, 41: 167 ss.
  10. Bloomberg (2018). Tech Companies Are Still Struggling to Hire Black Workers. Fortune, 8.6.2018, -- https://fortune.com/2018/06/08/tech-companies-hiring-black-workers/
  11. Bodie M.T. (2008). Mother Jones Meets Gordon Gekko: The Complicated Relationship Between Labor and Private Equity. UCLR, 79: 1317 ss.
  12. Bonventre V.M. (2021). Supremely Divided: Court’s Conservative Bent Intensifies. NYSBAJ, 93: 6 ss.
  13. Brandom R. (2021a). President Biden denounces ‘anti-union propaganda’ ahead of Amazon union vote. The Verge, 1.3.2021, -- https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/1/22306952/amazon-union-biden-statement-bessemer-alabama-warehouse
  14. Brandom R. (2021b). Unionizing Amazon warehouses was never going to be easy. The Verge, 10.4.2021. -- https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/10/22377142/bessemer-amazon-labor-union-loss-warehouse-rwdsu
  15. Bransen G. (2022). The Results are in: Representation Ballot Card Elections are Not the Solution to Reform California's Agricultural Industry Union Elections. UPLR, 53: 343 ss.
  16. Branson D.M. (2019). Gender Diversity, Diversity Fatigue, and Shifting the Focus. GWLR, 87: 1061 ss.
  17. Brudney J.J. (2021). The Right to Strike as Customary International Law. YJIL, 46: 1 ss.
  18. Bryner N.S. (2020). The Green New Deal and Green Transitions. VLR, 44: 723 ss.
  19. Cha J.M. (2017). Labor Leading on Climate: A Policy Platform to Address Rising Inequality and Rising Sea Levels in New York State. PELR, 34: 423 ss.
  20. Cherry M.A., Santos Rutschman A. (2020). Gig Workers as Essential Workers: How to Correct the Gig Economy Beyond the Covid-19 Pandemic. ABAJLEL, 35: 11 ss.
  21. Chew P.K. (2021). Hiding Sexual Harassment: Myths and Realities. NLJ, 21: 1223 ss.
  22. Cole S.R. (2010). Let the Grand Experiment Begin: Pyett Authorizes Arbitration of Unionized Employees’ Statutory Discrimination Claims. LCLR, 14: 861 ss.
  23. Comaford C. (2022). New Research on The Real Cause of The Great Resignation. Forbes, 14.1.2022, -- https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinecomaford/2022/01/14/new-research-on-the-real-cause-of-the-great-resignation/?sh=2e550aec3b72
  24. Compa L. (2014). Not Dead Yet: Preserving Labor Law Strengths While Exploring New Labor Law Strategies. IrLR, 4: 609 ss.
  25. Contreras B. (2021). Tech workers are no longer afraid to go public. Here’s how they found their voices. Los Angeles Times, 27.10.2021, -- https://www.latimes.com/business/ story/2021-10-27/protests-at-facebook-and-netflix-show-big-tech-workers-see-leaks-as-best-leverage
  26. Corbett W.R. (2002). Waiting for the Labor Law of the Twenty-First Century: Everything Old is New Again. BJELL, 23: 259 ss.
  27. Crain M.C., Matheny K. (2018). Labor Unions, Solidarity, and Money. EREPJ, 22: 259 ss.
  28. Crain M.C., Matheny K. (2019). Sexual Harassment and Solidarity. GWLR, 87: 56 ss.
  29. Dau-Schmidt K.G., Khan M. (2014). Undermining or Promoting Democratic Government? An Economic and Empirical Analysis of the Two Views of Public Sector Collective Bargaining in American Law. NLJ, 14: 414 ss.
  30. Davidson P. (2022). Great Resignation: The number of people quitting jobs hit an all-time high in November as openings stayed near record. USA Today, 4.1.2022, -- https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/2022/01/04/great-resignation-number-people-quitting-jobs-hit-record/9083256002/
  31. Dimick M. (2012). Labor Law, New Governance, and the Ghent System. NCLR: 90: 319 ss.
  32. Dinkins R., Liu S., Sampson R., Sampson J. (2020). An Atlanta organization’s mission to bring racial equity to the tech ecosystem. Brookings, 23.7.2020, -- https://www.brookings.edu/research/an-atlanta-organizations-mission-to-bring-racial-equity-to-the-tech-ecosystem/
  33. Duff M.C. (2020). Labor Viscerality? Work Stoppages in the “New Work” Non-Union Economy. SLULJ, 65: 115 ss.
  34. Dyal-Chand R. (2021). Progressive Law, Activism, And Lawyering In An Age Of Preemption. LSI, 46: 252 ss.
  35. Elloie C.N. (2008). Are Pre-Dispute Jury Trial Waivers a Bargain for Employers Over Arbitration? It Depends on the Employee. SULR, 36: 121 ss.
  36. Elmore A., Griffith K.L. (2021). Franchisor Power as Employment Control. CLR, 109: 1317 ss.
  37. Elting L. (2021). The Incredibly Simple Reason Behind the Great Resignation. Forbes, 11.11.2021, -- https://www.forbes.com/sites/lizelting/2021/11/11/the-incredibly-simple-reason-behind-the-great-resignation/?sh=7a5be2f95c4b
  38. Eyal-Cohen M. (2019). Innovation Agents. WLLR, 76: 163 ss.
  39. Fischl R.M. (2007). The Other Side of the Picket Line: Contract, Democracy, and Power in a Law School Classroom. NYURLS, 31: 517 ss.
  40. Fisk C.L. (2002). Union Lawyers and Employment Law. BJELL, 23: 57 ss.
  41. Fisk C.L. (2018). A Progressive Labor Vision of the First Amendment: Past as Prologue. CoLR, 118: 2057 ss.
  42. Fisk C.L., Reddy D.S. (2020). Protection by Law, Repression by Law: Bringing Labor Back into The Study of Law and Social Movements. ELJ, 70: 63 ss.
  43. Fulton N. (2019-2020). All the News That’s Fit to Hide: Sexual Assault and Silence in Hollywood and the Lawyers Who Let It Happen: Catch and Kill: Lies, Spies, and a Conspiracy to Protect Predators. By Ronan Farrow. Little, Brown and Company. 2019. pp. 464. LLALRL, 40: 395 ss.
  44. Fung B. (2022). Amazon more than doubles salary caps to $350,000 for US white-collar employees. CNN, 7.2.2022, -- https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/07/tech/amazon-doubles-salary/index.html
  45. Garden C., Leong N. (2013). “So Closely Intertwined”: Labor and Racial Solidarity. GWLR, 81: 1135 ss.
  46. Gatti M., Ondersma C. (2021). Stakeholder Syndrome: Does Stakeholderism Derail Effective Protections for Weaker Constituencies? NCLR, 100: 167 ss.
  47. Germain J. (2021). Influencers Are Unionizing With SAG-AFTRA to Gain Protection. Community at Work. Teen Vogue, 21.3.2021, -- https://www.teenvogue.com/story/influencers-union-sag-aftra
  48. Getman J. (1997). Explaining the Fall of the Labor Movement. SLULJ, 41: 575 ss.
  49. Glaser A. (2020). Kickstarter workers vote to form first union in tech industry, 18.2.2020, -- https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/kickstarter-workers-vote-form-first-union-tech-industry-n1138006
  50. Gold A. (2020). Big Tech's fight for high-skilled visa holders. Axios, 12.9.2020, -- https://www.axios.com/big-tech-fight-high-skilled-visa-holders-c4827feb-20a9-45ca-8474-90b81f003bd8.html
  51. Goldberg M.J. (2002). Derailing Union Democracy: Why Deregulation Would Be a Mistake. BJELL, 23: 137 ss.
  52. Goldberg S.B. (2020). Harassment, Workplace Culture, and the Power and Limits of Law. AULR, 70: 419 ss.
  53. Joyce E. (2020). A Call to Lay Down Arms: Looking for Solutions in the United States and Beyond to Assure Labor Unions’ Survival in Response to the Janus Majority's Weaponized First Amendment. UMKCLR, 89: 183 ss.
  54. Lang Gordon J. (2021). Under Pressure: Addressing Warehouse Productivity Quotas And The Rise In Workplace Injuries. FHLJ, 49: 149 ss.
  55. Gottheil T.I.M. (2014). Not Part Of The Bargain: Worker Centers And Labor Law In Sociohistorical Context. NYULR, 89: 2228 ss.
  56. Grant C.N., Kuntz H.C. (2020). Review of Cambridge Handbook of U.S. Labor Law for the Twenty-First Century (Rick Bales & Charlotte Garden Eds.). ABAJLEL, 34: 381 ss.
  57. Green M.Z. (2004). Finding Lawyers for Employees in Discrimination Disputes as a Critical Prescription for Unions to Embrace Racial Justice. UPJLEL, 7: 55 ss.
  58. Green M.Z. (2019). A New #Metoo Result: Rejecting Notions of Romantic Consent with Executives. EREPJ, 23: 115 ss.
  59. Greenhouse S. (2021a). ‘There’s momentum to win’: union fight enters final stretch for Alabama Amazon workers. The Guardian, 29.3.2021, -- https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/29/amazon-bessemer-alabama-union-fight
  60. Greenhouse S. (2021b). The union loss at Amazon is another sign big companies have too much power. CNN Business, 23.4.2021, -- https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/23/perspectives/amazon-union-vote-workers/index.html
  61. Gregory D.L., Martir S. (2010). The Catholicity Of The Middle Class: Reflections On Caritas In Veritate. NDJLEPP, 24: 379 ss.
  62. Guidry H. (2019). Wyoming, Take Another Look at Unions: How Unions Can Increase Equality for Women in the Workplace. WLR, 19: 363 ss.
  63. Gunn D. (2018). What Caused the Decline of Unions in America? Pacific Standard, 24.4.2018, -- https://psmag.com/economics/what-caused-the-decline-of-unions-in-america
  64. Hale J.N. (2019). On Race, Teacher Activism, and the Right to Work: Historicizing the “Red for Ed” Movement in the American South. WVLR, 121: 851 ss.
  65. Hartley R.C. (1998). Reconceiving The Role Of Section 8(B)(1)(A)--1947-1997: An Essay On Collective Empowerment And The Public Good. CULR, 47: 825 ss.
  66. Hickox S.A., Kaminski M. (2019). Measuring Arbitration’s Effectiveness in Addressing Workplace Harassment. HLELJ, 36: 293 ss.
  67. Hodges A.C. (2012). Southern Solutions for Wisconsin Woes. UTLR, 43: 633 ss.
  68. Hoerr J. (1988). And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline and Fall of the American Steel Industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  69. Hutchison H.G. (2006). Compulsory Unionism as A Fraternal Conceit? UCDBLJ, 7: 3 ss.
  70. Iyengar K. (2019). Janus v. AFSCME. BJELL, 40: 183 ss.
  71. Jones IV S. (2015). Wisconsin’s Act 10 Limitations on Collective Bargaining: Balancing a Budget on the Backs of Public Employees. GJLPP, 13: 543 ss.
  72. Kahlenberg R.D., Marvit M.Z. (2013). “Architects of Democracy”: Labor Organizing as a Civil Right. SJCRCL, 9: 213 ss.
  73. Kidwai A. (2021). Union efforts at Google and Apple are the shape of labor to come. Fortune, 10.9.2021, -- https://fortune.com/2021/09/10/google-apple-union-labor-movement/
  74. Kim R. (2019). U.S. Obligations Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services Trump the Buy American, Hire American Executive Order. NYILR, 32: 81 ss.
  75. Lee D. (2016). Bundling “Alt-Labor”: How Policy Reform Can Facilitate Political Organization in Emerging Worker Movements. HCRCLLR, 51: 509 ss.
  76. LeRoy M.H. (1996). Severance of Bargaining Relationships During Permanent Replacement Strikes and Union Decertifications: An Empirical Analysis and Proposal to Amend Section 9(C) (3) of the NLRA. UCDLR, 29: 1019 ss.
  77. Levin B. (2020). What’s Wrong With Police Unions? CoLR, 120: 1333 ss.
  78. Levine M. (2022). Why Congress is moving against sexual harassment, 4 years after #MeToo. Politico, 10.2.2022, -- https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/10/congress-sexual-harassment-metoo-00007493
  79. Levinson A.R., Hare A., Fiechter T. (2017). Federal Preemption of Local Right-To-Work Ordinances. HJL, 54: 457 ss.
  80. Li T.C. (2021). Post-Pandemic Privacy Law. AULR, 70: 1681 ss.
  81. Mac R., Silverman C. (2020). After The US Election, Key People Are Leaving Facebook and Torching The Company In Departure Notes. Buzzfeed News, 11.12.2020, -- https://www. buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/facebook-rules-hate-speech-employees-leaving
  82. Malin M.H. (2013). Does Public Employee Collective Bargaining Distort Democracy? A Perspective from the United States. CLLPJ, 34: 277 ss.
  83. Matheny K., Crain M. (2001). Making Labor’s Rhetoric Reality. 5 Green Bag 2d 17.
  84. McAlevey J. (2019). Blowout in Bessemer: A Postmortem on the Amazon Campaign. The Nation, 9.4.2021, -- https://www.thenation.com/article/activism/bessemer-alabama-amazon-union/
  85. McCartin J.A. (2009). Unexpected Convergence: Values, Assumptions, and the Right to Strike in Public and Private Sectors, 1945-2005. BLR, 57: 727 ss.
  86. McCormick M.L. (2018). Changing What They Cannot Accept: Teachers Unions Fighting Education “Reform” from Chicago to Oklahoma: A Fight for the Soul of Public Education, Stephen K. Ashby & Robert Bruno, Cornell University ILR Press, 2016, 328 pp. EREPJ, 22: 409 ss.
  87. Meyer K.R. (2018). Why Victims Deserve the Right to Choose How to Resolve Their Sexual Harassment Claims. PSALR, 10: 164 ss.
  88. Milkman R. (2020). Union Decline and Labor Revival in the 21st Century United States. CKLR, 95: 273 ss.
  89. Mirer J. (2013). Right-To-Work Laws: History and Fightback. NLGR, 70: 30 ss.
  90. Molla R. (2022). A new era for the American worker. Vox, 11.1.2022, -- https://www.vox.com/recode/22841490/work-remote-wages-labor-force-participation-great-resignation-unions-quits
  91. Morris A.V., Merced J.A., Zavian E.M. (2021). Under the Influence. ACC Docket, 11.2.2021, -- https://www.accdocket.com/under-influence
  92. Morriss A.P., Dudley S.E. (2006). Defining What to Regulate: Silica and the Problem of Regulatory Categorization. ALR, 58: 269 ss.
  93. Morrow A., Tappe A. (2022). How millions of jobless Americans can afford to ditch work. CNN, 7.1.2022, -- https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/15/economy/labor-force-retirement-great-resignation/index.html
  94. Nance C. (2005). From Widgets to Digits: Reimagining Protective Workplace Policy; A Review of Katherine Stone’s, From Widgets to Digits: Employment Regulation for the Changing Workplace. EREPJ, 9: 407 ss.
  95. Neuborne B., Anderson B., Cooper Davis P., Blum R. (2016). Achieving Results – Lessons from Civil Rights Movements: Transcript. NYUJLPP, 19: 509 ss.
  96. Netzel N., Pottratz Acosta A., Woolman J., Kruse K., Geffen J. (2021). Mitchell Hamline School of Law Summer 2020 Covid-19 Legal Response Clinic. ClLR, 28: 301 ss.
  97. Nguyen X-T (2019). Disrupting Adhesion Contracts with #Metoo Innovators. VJSPL, 26: 165 ss.
  98. Oas D., Popejoy S.L. (2019). The Right-To-Work Battle Rages on at Both the Federal and State Levels. MLJ, 29: 71 ss.
  99. O’Casey M. (2019). A Movement is Born? Google Eliminates Mandatory Arbitration. AHCL, 37: 60 ss.
  100. Oswalt M.M. (2007). The Grand Bargain: Revitalizing Labor through NLRA Reform and Radical Workplace Relations. DLJ, 57: 691 ss.
  101. Oswalt M.M. (2016). Improvisational Unionism. CLR, 104: 597 ss.
  102. Oswalt M.M., Rosado Marzán C.F. (2020). Alt-Labor Law: Symposium Introduction. CKLR, 95: 3 ss.
  103. Otte E. (2021). Toxic Secrecy: Non-Disclosure Agreements and #Metoo. KLR, 69: 545 ss.
  104. Parlow M.J. (2014). Lessons from the NBA Lockout: Union Democracy, Public Support, and the Folly of the National Basketball Players Association. OLR, 67: 1 ss.
  105. Park Y. (2005). The Immigrant Workers Union: Challenges Facing Low-Wage Immigrant Workers in Los Angeles. ALJ, 12: 67 ss.
  106. Phillips C. (2012). The Lost Democratic Institution of Petitioning: Public Employee Collective Bargaining as a Constitutional Right. FALR, 10: 652 ss.
  107. Rodriguez S. (2020). Hundreds of Facebook employees walk out as Zuckerberg plans town hall. CNBC, 1.6.2020, -- https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/01/facebook-employees-stage-virtual-walkout-over-trump-post-moderation.html
  108. Rogers J. (1990). Divide and Conquer: Further ‘Reflections on the Distinctive Character of American Labor Laws. WiLR: 1 ss.
  109. Ruhl J.B., Salzman J. (2020). What Happens When the Green New Deal Meets the Old Green Laws? VaLR, 44: 693 ss.
  110. Russ H., Naidu R. (2021). Amazon Alabama workers reject union in key loss for U.S. organized labor. Rueters, 4.4.2021, -- https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/amazon-union-drive-facing-long-odds-final-votes-counted-2021-04-09/
  111. Schuck P.H., Tyler J.E. (2010). Making the Case for Changing U.S. Policy Regarding Highly Skilled Immigrants. FHLJ, 38: 327 ss.
  112. Semet A. (2016). Political Decision-Making at the National Labor Relations Board: An Empirical Examination of the Board's Unfair Labor Practice Decisions Through the Clinton and Bush II Years. BJELL, 37: 223 ss.
  113. Seruelo I.M. (2014). Harmonizing Section 14(B) With the Policy Goals of the NLRA on the Heels of Michigan's Enactment of Right-To-Work Laws. TJLR, 36: 427 ss.
  114. Silberling A. (2021). Netflix employees stage a trans solidarity walkout, pose list of demands. TechCrunch, 21.10.2021, -- https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/21/netflix-employees-stage-a-trans-solidarity-walkout-pose-list-of-demands/
  115. Silverman J. (2020). Workers of the Facebook, Unite! The New Republic, 29.12.2020, -- https://newrepublic.com/article/160687/facebook-workers-union-labor-organizing
  116. Silverman J. (2021). How Does Amazon End? The New Republic, 9.8.2021, -- https://newrepublic.com/article/163193/amazon-union-bessemer-antitrust-nlrb-election
  117. Skladany M. (2016). Technology Unions: How Technology Employees Can Advocate for Internet Freedom, Privacy, Intellectual Property Reform, and the Greater Good. JPTOS, 98: 821 ss.
  118. Slater J. (2013). The Strangely Unsettled State of Public-Sector Labor in The Past Thirty Years. HLELJ, 30: 511 ss.
  119. Slater J. (2019). The Teachers’ Strike of 2018 in Historical Perspective. MBSWLR, 20: 191 ss.
  120. Smith P.R. (2008). The Publicization of Home-Based Care Work in State Labor Law. MiLR, 92: 1390 ss.
  121. Solon O., Glaser A. (2020). Google workers mobilize against firing of top Black female executive. NBC News, 4.12.2020, -- https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/google-workers-mobilize-against-firing-top-black-female-executive-n1250038
  122. Spooner R.S. (2020). The Goldilocks Approach: Finding The “Just Right” Legal Limit On Nondisclosure Agreements In Sexual Harassment Cases. HLELJ, 37: 331 ss.
  123. Strom A. (2019). Caught in a Vicious Cycle: A Weak Labor Movement Emboldens the Ruling Class. USTLJ, 16: 19 ss.
  124. Szymanski S. (2018). Collective Responses to the New Economy in U.S. Labor Law. In: Ratti L. (ed.), Embedding the Principles of Life Time Contracts: A Research Agenda for Contract Law. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 189 ss.
  125. Tankersley J., Shear M.D. (2021). With Democrats in Control, Biden Moves to Advance Agenda. N.Y. Times, 7.1.2021, -- https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/business/democrats-biden-agenda.html
  126. Testa T.V. (2020-2021). State of the Unions: Where They Are, Where They Have Been, & Where They Are Going. CuLR, 51: 193 ss.
  127. Tomlins C. (2021). A Call Out of Seir: The Meaning and Future of US Labor Law. LSI, 46: 572 ss.
  128. Turner W.D. (1994). Restoring Balance to Collective Bargaining: Prohibiting Discrimination Against Economic Strikers. WVLR, 96: 685 ss.
  129. Weatherspoon F.D. (2014). Incorporating Mandatory Arbitration Employment Clauses into Collective Bargaining Agreements: Challenges and Benefits to the Employer and the Union. DJCL, 38: 1025 ss.
  130. Weiler P.C. (1983). Promises to Keep: Securing Workers’ Rights to Self-Organization Under the NLRA. HLR, 96: 1769 ss.
  131. Weissbrodt D., Mason M. (2014). Compliance of the United States with International Labor Law. MiLR, 98: 1842 ss.
  132. Weston M.A. (2021). Buying Secrecy: Non-Disclosure Agreements, Arbitration, and Professional Ethics in the #Metoo Era. UILR: 507 ss.
  133. White A. (2021). Law, Labor, and the Hard Edge of Progressivism: The Legal Repression of Radical Unionism and the American Labor Movement's Long Decline. BJELL, 42: 165 ss.
  134. White A.S. (2020). The Unlikely Underdog: Skilled Immigrants in Tech Face Unique Mandatory Arbitration Challenges. CWLR, 57: 179 ss.
  135. Wiegerink D.H. (1987). Labor Law—Unions are Forced to Loosen their Grip on Members—Pattern Makers' League of North America, AFL-CIO V. NLRB. WFLR, 22: 367 ss.
  136. Worster III R.M. (2004). If It’s Hardly Worth Doing, It’s Hardly Worth Doing Right: How the NLRA's Goals are Defeated through Inadequate Remedies. URLR, 38: 1073 ss.
  137. Wright J., Portuese A. (2020). Antitrust Populism: Towards a Taxonomy. SJLBF, 25: 131 ss.
  138. Yeselson R. (2021). The Defeat at Amazon and the Union Fights to Come. Jacobin, 12.4.20212, -- https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/04/amazon-union-organizing-bessemer-defeat-rwdsu
  139. Zhai J. (2020). Breaking the Silent Treatment: The Contractual Enforceability of Non-Disclosure Agreements for Workplace Sexual Harassment Settlements. CBLR: 396 ss.

Charles Szymanski, Organized Labor and the Tech Giants in "GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI " 173/2022, pp 69-108, DOI: 10.3280/GDL2022-173004