Working Poor: Natives and Migrants in Milan

Journal title SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO
Author/s Simona Ballabio, Flavio Verrecchia
Publishing Year 2021 Issue 2021/161
Language Italian Pages 26 P. 122-147 File size 309 KB
DOI 10.3280/SL2021-161007
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

Working poverty is a phenomenon that is only marginally on the agenda of policy-makers. Studies on the working poor, which are usually based on sample data, fail to put the oeil-de-boeuf on the most vulnerable. This paper aims at observing the characteristics of the Ambrosian working poor with the focus on natives and migrants by experimental administrative data from Istat to identify specific areas of poverty risk. To this end, logistic regressions and tree models of the poverty despite work as a function of socio-demographic variables have been specified. Both individual worker and family variables were considered. The results, in line with the reference literature, allow for an in-depth spatial and sub-population analysis resulting from the combination of the study dimensions for which there are high risks of in-work poverty, for example citizenship and household work intensity.

Keywords: Working Poor, Natives, Immigrants, Administrative Data, Milan.

  1. Airio I. (2010). In-Work Poverty and Unemployment in Finland: Dual Labour Market or Reserve Workers?. Luxembourg: ISSA.
  2. Álvarez-Miranda B. (2011). In-Work Poverty among Immigrants. In: Fraser N., Gutiérrez R., Peña-Casas R., a cura di, Working Poverty in Europe. Work and Welfare in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230307599_12
  3. Andreß H.J. e Lohmann H. (2008). Introduction: the working poor in Europe. In: Andreß, H. J. and H. Lohmann, H., a cura di, Introduction: The Working Poor in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: 10.4337/9781848443761.0000
  4. Ballabio S., Filandri M., Pacelli L., Verrecchia F. (2020). Poverty of Young People: Context and Household Effects in North-Western Italy. Soc Indic Res.
  5. Ballarino G., Panichella N. (2015), The Occupational Integration of Male Migrants in Western European Countries: Assimilation or Persistent Disadvantage? International Migration, 53, 2: 338-352.
  6. Bardone L., Guio A.C. (2005). In-Work Poverty. New Commonly Agreed Indicators at the EU Level: Eurostat. Statistics in focus, Population and Social Conditions Statistics in focus, Population and Social Conditions.
  7. Benassi D. (2005). La povertà come condizione e come percezione. Una survey a Milano. Milano: Franco Angeli.
  8. Bertolini S., Hofäcker D. e Torrioni P.M. (2014). L’uscita dalla famiglia di origine in diversi sistemi di Welfare State: l’impatto della flessibilizzazione del mercato del lavoro e della crisi occupazionale in Italia, Francia e Germania. Sociologia del Lavoro, 136: 144-125. DOI: 10.3280/SL2014-136007
  9. Blangiardo G.C., Della Queva S., Grossi P., Verrecchia F. (2012). Foreign Entrepreneurship: The New Pillar of the National Entrepreneurial Vocation vs a Latest Shaky Employment. In: S. Mignani, M. Costa, a cura di, Book of Short Paper, Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche “Paolo Fortunati”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Bologna, Serie Ricerche 2011, 10: 47-50.
  10. Blossfeld H.-P. (2003). Globalization, social inequality and the role of country specific institutions. In: Conceicao P., Heitor M.V., Lundvall B.-A., a cura di. Innovation, competence building and social cohesion in Europe. Towards a learning.
  11. Blossfeld H.P., Buchholz S., Hofäcker D., Bertolini S. (2012). Selective Flexibilization and Deregulation of the Labor Market. The Answer of Continental and Southern Europe. Stato e Mercato, 96: 363-390. DOI: 10.1425/3864
  12. Brady D., Fullerton A.S. e Cross J.M. (2010). More than just nickels and dimes: A cross-national analysis of working poverty in affluent Democracies. Social Problems, 4: 559-85.
  13. Brandolini, A., Rosolia, A. e Torrini, R. (2011). The distribution of employees’ labour earnings in the European union: data, concepts and first results. ECINEQ, 198.
  14. Breiman L., Friedman J., Olshen R. A. e Stone C.J. (1984). Classification and Regression Tree. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  15. Caritas (2004). Rapporto annuale 2004. Attività, iniziative e progetti, in Italia e nel mondo. Roma: Caritas italiana.
  16. Caritas (2020). Gli anticorpi della solidarietà. Rapporto 2020 su povertà ed esclusione sociale in Italia. Roma: Caritas italiana.
  17. Cies (2010). Rapporto sulle politiche contro la povertà e l’esclusione sociale. Roma.
  18. Crettaz E., Bonoli G. (2011). Worlds of Working Povety: National Variations in Mechanism. In: Frase N., Gutiérrez R. e Peña-Casas R.,a cura di, Working Poverty in Europe. A Comparative Approach. New York: Palgarve Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230307599_
  19. Crettaz, E. (2013). A state-of-the-art review of working poverty in advanced economies: theoretical models, measurement issues and risk groups. Journal of European Social Policy, 23, 4: 347-362. DOI: 10.1177/095892871350747
  20. Crettaz E. (2018). In-work poverty among migrants. In: Lohmann, H. e Marx, I. a cura di, Handbook on In-Work Poverty, ‎ Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. DOI: 10.4337/9781784715632.0001
  21. De Michelli, B. e Capesciotti, M. (2020). Working, yet poor: Gender Policy and indicators report. European Union.
  22. Della Queva S., Bonardo D., Menonna A., Verrecchia F. (2012) Tra auto impiego e micro-imprenditorialità: tratti dell’immigrazione in Lombardia. RIEDS - Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, LXVI, 1: 125-132.
  23. Eurofound (2017). In-work poverty in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2806/12513
  24. Eurostat (2010). In-Work Poverty in EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2785/5456
  25. Fellini I., Fullin G. (2018). Employment change, institutions and migrant labour: The Italian case in comparative perspective. Stato e mercato, 113: 293-330. DOI: 10.1425/9096
  26. Fellini I., Guetto R. (2018). A «U-shaped» Pattern of Immigrants’ Occupational Careers? Comparative Analysis of Italy, Spain and France. International Migration Review, 53: 1-33. DOI: 10.1177/019791831876793
  27. Fellini I., Guetto R. (2020). Legal status and immigrants’ labour market outcomes: comparative evidence from a quasi-experiment in Western and Southern Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.175263
  28. Filandri M., Struffolino E. (2013). Working poor: lavoratori con basso salario o occupati che vivono in famiglie povere? Un’analisi del fenomeno in Italia prima e dopo la crisi. Sociologia del lavoro, 131: 190-205. DOI: 10.3280/SL2013-13101
  29. Fraser N., Gutiérrez R. e Peña-Casas R., a cura di (2011). Working Poverty in Europe. A Comparative Approach. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/978023030759
  30. Fullin G. (2014). L’inserimento occupazionale degli immigrati. L’Italia e il modello Sud Europeo. In: Barbieri P., Fullin, G., a cura di, Lavoro, istituzioni, diseguaglianze. Sociologia comparata del mercato del lavoro. Bologna: Il Mulino.
  31. Fullin G., Reyneri E. (2011). Low Unemployment and Bad Jobs for New Immigrants in Italy. International Migration, 49: 118-147.
  32. Gardiner K., Millar J. (2006). How Low-paid Employees Avoid Poverty: an Analysis by Family Type and Household Structure. Journal of Social Policy, 3: 351-369. DOI: 10.1017/S004727940600982
  33. Garofalo G. (2014). Il Progetto ArchIMEDE obiettivi e risultati sperimentali. Istat Working Papers, 9.
  34. Goerne A. (2011). A comparative analysis of in-work poverty in the European Union. In: Fraser N., Gutiérrez R., and Peña-Casas R., a cura di, Working Poverty in Europe: A comparative approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230307599_
  35. Gutiérrez R., Guillén Rodríguez A.M. and Peña Casas R. (2009). Earnings inequality and in-work poverty. REC-WP Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe 7.
  36. Halleröd B., Ekbrand H. and Bengtsson M. (2015). In-work poverty and labour market trajectories: Poverty risks among the working population in 22 European countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 25, 5: 473-488. DOI: 10.1177/095892871560879
  37. Horemans J., Marx I. and Nolan B. (2016). Hanging in, but only just: part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis. IZA J Labor Stud, 5.
  38. Istat (2011). Data warehouse del 15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni 2011 (disponibile al sito: http://dati-censimentopopolazione.istat.it/Index.aspx?lang=it# ).
  39. Istat (2014). Statistiche Flash. Occupati e disoccupati. Anno 2013 (disponibile al sito: www.istat.it/it/archivio/112755).
  40. Istat (2019). A misura di comune (disponibile al sito: http://amisuradicomune.istat.it/aMisuraDiComune/windowContent/Il_Progetto_1ago19.pdf ).
  41. Kogan I. (2007). Working Through Barriers. Host Countries Institutions and Immigrant Labour Market Performance in Europe. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5232-
  42. Kogan I. (2014), Politiche migratorie, processi di selezione e inserimento occupazionale degli immigrati. In: Barbieri P., Fullin G., a cura di, Lavoro, istituzioni, diseguaglianze. Bologna: Il Mulino.
  43. Kuhn M., Johnson K. (2013). Applied Predictive Modeling. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6849-
  44. Lohmann H. (2008). The working poor in european welfare states: empirical evidence from a multilevel Perspective. In: Andreß H.-J., H. Lohmann, eds, The Working Poor in European Welfare States: Empirical Evidence From a Multilevel Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 47-76. DOI: 10.4337/9781848443761.0000
  45. Lohmann, H. (2009). Welfare states, labour market institutions and the working poor: a comparative analysis of 20 european countries. European Sociological Review, 25, 4: 489-504.
  46. Lohmann H., Marx I. (2008). The different faces of in-work poverty across welfare state regimes. In: Andreß H.-J., Lohmann H., eds., The Different Faces of In-Work Poverty Across Welfare State Regimes. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: 10.4337/9781848443761.0000
  47. Lucifora C., McKnight A. e Salverda W. (2005). Low-wage employment in Europe: a review of the Evidence. Socio-economic Review, 3, 2: 259-292.
  48. Marx I., Nolan B. (2012). In-work poverty. GINI Discussion Paper No. 51, Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies.
  49. Marx I., Verbist G. (2008). Combating In-Work Poverty in Europe: the Policy Options Assessed. In: Andreß H.-J., Lohmann H., eds., The Working Poor in Europe: Employment Poverty and Globalisation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: 10.4337/9781848443761.0002
  50. Marx I., Verbist G. (1998). Low-Paid work and poverty: A cross-country Perspective. In: Bazen S., Gregory M. and Salverda W., a cura di, Low-Paid Work and Poverty: A Cross-Country Perspective. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  51. OECD (2010). Naturalisation and the Labour Market Integration of Immigrants. OECD Employment Outlook 2010: Moving Beyond the Jobs Crisis, a cura di. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  52. OECD (2011). Naturalisation: A Passport for the Better Integration of Immigrants? Paris: OECD Publishing.
  53. Panichella, N. (2018). Economic Crisis and Occupational Integration of Recent Immigrants. Western Europe, in International Sociology, 33, 1: 64-85. DOI: 10.1177/026858091774200
  54. Peña-Casas R., Latta M. (2004). Working Poor in the European Union. Denmark: Eurofound.
  55. Peña-Casas R., Ghailani D., Spasova S. and Vanhercke B. (2019). In-work poverty in Europe. A study of national policies. European Social Policy Network (ESPN), Brussels: European Commission. DOI: 10.2767/3183
  56. Raitano M. (2018). Trends and structural determinants of income inequality: an overview. Invited paper prepared for the workshop “Addressing Inequalities”. European Commission – DG Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels, October 19.
  57. Raitano M., Jessoula M., Pavolini E. e Natili M. (2019). ESPN Thematic Report on In work poverty – Italy. European Social Policy Network (ESPN). Brussels: European Commission.
  58. Saraceno C., Benassi D. e Morlicchio E. (2020), Poverty in Italy: Features and Drivers in a European Perspective, Bristol: Policy Press.
  59. Youden W.J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3: 32-5.
  60. Zajczyk F. (2003). La povertà a Milano. Distribuzione territoriale servizi sociali e problema abitativo. Milano: FrancoAngeli.

Simona Ballabio, Flavio Verrecchia, Poveri nonostante il lavoro: nativi e migranti nel contesto milanese in "SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO " 161/2021, pp 122-147, DOI: 10.3280/SL2021-161007