Articolo Target. Psychological well-being and health: Past, present and future

Journal title PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE
Author/s Carol D. Ryff
Publishing Year 2016 Issue 2016/1
Language English Pages 20 P. 7-26 File size 118 KB
DOI 10.3280/PDS2016-001002
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

Research on psychological well-being and its links to health has flourished in recent decades, signaling an important shift toward studying human strengths and resources. This article briefly details a eudaimonic model of well-being (Ryff, 1989) and examines the proliferation of research growing up around it. Evidence is summarized on the protective benefits of well-being for health, measured in terms of lower profiles of biological risk (e.g., inflammatory markers, cardiovascular risk factors) as well as reduced risk of disease (e.g., Alzheimer’s, stroke, myocardial infarction) and longer length of life. Eudaimonic well-being has also been linked with salubrious gene expression profiles. Given these health benefits, interventions to promote well-being (both in clinical and community contexts) are briefly noted. Future directions include the need for more rigorous longitudinal inquiries, including in diverse cultural contexts. The arts and humanities offer promising new directions for studies of well-being and health, while, paradoxically, negative experiences also need further inquiry. Encounters with life adversity are relevant for deepened understanding of human resilience. Alternatively, focusing on prominent forms of contemporary malevolence (greed, corruption) offers a route for illuminating how the well-being of many can be undermined by self-interests of the few in positions of power and privilege.

Keywords: Eudiamonic, well-being, health benefits, humanities

  1. Alighieri D. (1984). The divine comedy. New York: Penguin Books.
  2. An J. S. and Cooney T. M. (2006). Psychological well-being in mid to late life: The role of generativity development and parent-child relationships across the lifespan. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5): 410-421. DOI: 10.1177/016502540607148
  3. Andrew M. K., Fisk J. D. and Rockwood K. (2012). Psychological well-being in relation to frailty: A frailty identity crisis? International Psychogeriatrics, 24(8): 1347-1353. DOI: 10.1017/s104161021200026
  4. Aristotle (1925). The Nicomachean Ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. Bauer J. J., McAdams C. P. and Sakaedura A. R. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 88(1): 203-217. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.20
  6. Bauer J. J. and McAdams D. P. (2004). Personal growth in adults’ stories of life transitions. Journal of Personality, 75: 573-602. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00273.
  7. Bierman A., Fazio E. M. and Milkie M. A. (2006). A multifaceted approach to the mental health advantage of the married: Assessing how explanations vary by outcome measure and unmarried group. Journal of Family Issues, 27(4): 554-582. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X0528411
  8. Boylan J. M. and Ryff C. D. (2015). Psychological well-being and metabolic syndrome: Findings from the Midlife in the United States national sample. Psychosomatic Medicine. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1097/psy.000000000000019
  9. Boyle P. A., Barnes L. L., Buchman A. S. and Bennett D. A. (2009). Purpose in life is associated with mortality among community-dwelling older persons. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(5): 574-579. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a5a7c
  10. Boyle P. A., Buchman A. S., Barnes L. L. and Bennett D. A. (2010). Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3): 304-310. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.20
  11. Boyle P. A., Buchman A. S., Wilson R. S., Yu L., Schneider J. A. and Bennett D. A. (2012). Effect of purpose in life on the relation between Alzheimer disease pathologic changes on cognitive function in advanced age. JAMA Psychiatry, 69(5): 499-506. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148
  12. Bruckner P. (2010). Perpetual euphoria: On the duty to be happy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  13. Burke P. (1999). The Italian renaissance: Culture and society in Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  14. Caffo E., Belaise C. and Forresi B. (2008). Promoting resilience and psychological well-being in vulnerable life stages. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77(6): 331-336. DOI: 10.1159/000151386
  15. Carr D. S. (1997). The fulfillment of career dreams at midlife: Does it matter for women’s mental health? Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38: 331-344. DOI: 10.2307/295542
  16. Carr D. S. and Friedman M. (2005). Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in the United States. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 46(3): 244-259. DOI: 10.1177/00221465050460030
  17. Cordova M. J., Cunningham L. L. C., Carlson C. R. and Andrykowski M. A. (2001). Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology, 20: 176-185. DOI: 10.1037//0278-6133.20.3.17
  18. Costanzo E. S., Ryff C. D. and Singer B. H. (2009). Psychosocial adjustment among cancer survivors: Findings from a national survey of health and well-being. Health Psychology, 28(2): 147-156. DOI: 10.1037/a001322
  19. Crawford P., Brown B., Baker C., Tischler V. and Abrams B. (2015). Health humanities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  20. Edwards D. J., Edwards S. D. and Basson C. J. (2004). Psychological well-being and physical self-esteem in sport and exercise. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 6(1): 25-32. DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2004.972192
  21. Erikson E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. Psychological Issues, 1: 1-171.
  22. Fava G. A., Rafanelli C., Ottolini F., Ruini C., Cazzaro M. and Grandi S. (2001). Psychological well-being and residual symptoms in remitted patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 65(2): 185-190. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00267-
  23. Fava G. A., Ruini C. and Belaise C. (2007). The concept of recovery in major depression. Psychological Medicine, 37(3): 307-317. DOI: 10.1017/s003329170600898
  24. Fava G. A., Ruini C., Rafanelli C., Finos L., Conti S. and Grandi S. (2004). Six-year outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for prevention of recurrent depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(10): 1872-1876.
  25. Fava G. A., Ruini C., Rafanelli C., Finos L., Salmaso L., Mangelli L. and Sirigatti S. (2005). Well-being therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74(1): 26-30. DOI: 10.1159/00008202
  26. Ferguson S. J. and Goodwin A. D. (2010). Optimism and well-being in older adults: The mediating role of social support and perceived control. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 71(1): 43-68. DOI: 10.2190/AG.71.1.
  27. Frankl V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press
  28. Fredrickson B. L., Grewen K. M., Algoe S. B., Firestine A. M., Arevalo J. M. G., Ma J. and Cole S. W. (2015). Psychological well-being and the human conserved transcriptional response to adversity. Plos One, 10(3): 17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.012183
  29. Fredrickson B. L., Grewen K. M., Coffey K. A., Algoe S. B., Firestine A. M., Arevalo J. M. G., Ma J., Cole S. W. (2013). A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(33): 13684-13689. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.130541911
  30. Freund A. M. and Baltes P. B. (2002). Life-management strategies of selection, optimization and compensation: Measurement by self-report and construct validity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82(4): 642-662. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.64
  31. Friedman E. M. (2011). Sleep quality, social well-being, gender and inflammation: An integrative analysis in a national sample. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1): 23-34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06040.
  32. Friedman E. M., Foy C. R., Jaros L., Sampson H. and Ryff C. D. (2015). Lighten up! A community-based group intervention to promote psychological well-being in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, Oct 13: 1-7 (Epub ahead of print).
  33. Friedman E. M., Hayney M. S., Love G. D., Urry H. L., Rosenkranz M. A., Davidson R. J., Singer B. H. and Ryff C. D. (2005). Social relationships, sleep quality and interleukin-6 in aging women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102: 18757-18762. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050928110
  34. Friedman E. M. and Ryff C. D. (2012). Living well with medical comorbidities: A biopsychosocial perspective. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(5): 535-544. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr15
  35. Gould S. J. (2003/2011). The hedgehog, the fox and the magister’s pox: Mending the gap between science and the humanities. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  36. Greenfield E. A. and Marks N. (2004). Formal volunteering as a protective factor for older adults’ psychological well-being. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B(5): S258-S264. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/59.5.S25
  37. Greenfield E. A. and Marks N. F. (2006). Linked lives: Adult children’s problems and their parents’ psychological and relational well-being. Journal of Marriage & Family, 68: 442-454. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00263.
  38. Greenfield E. A., Vaillant G. E. and Marks N. F. (2009). Do formal religious participation and spiritual perceptions have independent linkages with diverse dimensions of psychological well-being? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(2): 196-212. DOI: 10.1177/00221465090500020
  39. Gross J. J. and John O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships and well-being. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 85(2): 348-362. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.34
  40. Grossbaum M. F. and Bates G. W. (2002). Correlates of psychological well-being at midlife: The role of generativity, agency and communion and narrative themes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(2): 120-127. DOI: 10.1080/0165025004200065
  41. Grühn D., Rebucal K., Diehl M., Lumley M. and Labouvie-Vief G. (2008). Empathy across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal and experience-sampling findings. Emotion, 8(6): 753-765. DOI: 10.1037/a001412
  42. Grzywacz J. G. and Keyes C. L. M. (2004). Toward health promotion: Physical and social behaviors in complete health. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28(2): 99-111.
  43. Hamilton N. A., Nelson C. A., Stevens N. and Kitzman H. (2007). Sleep and psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 82(1): 147-163. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-006-9030-
  44. Hayney M. S., Parm D., Love G. D., Buck J. M., Ryff C. D., Singer B. H. and Muller D. (2003). The association between psychosocial factors and vaccine-induced cytokine production. Vaccine, 21: 2428-2432. DOI: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00057-
  45. Held B. S. (2004). The negative side of positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44(1): 9-46. DOI: 10.1177/002216780325964
  46. Heller A. S., van Reekum C. M., Schaefer S. M., Lapate R. C., Radler B. T., Ryff C. D. and Davidson R. J. (2013). Sustained ventral striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output. Psychological Science, 24(11): 2191-2200. DOI: 10.1177/095679761349074
  47. Hill P. L. and Turiano N. A. (2014). Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychological Science, 25(7): 1482-1486. DOI: 10.1177/095679761453179
  48. Holland K. D. and Holahan C. D. (2003). The relationship of social support and coping to positive adaptation to breast cancer. Psychology & Health, 18: 159-129. DOI: 10.1080/088704403100008065
  49. Johnston I. (1997). Lecture on Aristotle’s Nicomachaean Ethics. Retrieved from http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/introser/aristot.htm
  50. Karlson C. W., Gallagher M. W., Olson C. A. and Hamilton N. A. (2013). Insomnia symptoms and well-being: Longitudinal follow-up. Health Psychology, 32(3): 311-319. DOI: 10.1037/a002818
  51. Kashubeck-West S. and Meyer J. (2008). The well-being of women who are late deafened. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4): 463-472. DOI: 10.1037/a001361
  52. Keyes C. L. M. (2005). Chronic physical conditions and aging: Is mental health a potential protective factor? Ageing International, 30(1): 88-104.
  53. Keyes C. L. M. and Grzywacz J. G. (2005). Health as a complete state: The added value in work performance and healthcare costs. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 47(5): 523-532. DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000161737.21198.3
  54. Keyes C. L. M. and Ryff C. D. (1998). Generativity in adult lives: Social structural contours and quality of life consequences. In D. P. McAdams and E. de St. Aubin (eds.), Generativity and adult development: Psychosocial perspectives on caring for and contributing to the next generation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 227-263.
  55. Keyes C. L. M., Shmotkin D. and Ryff C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82(6): 1007-1022. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.100
  56. Kim E. S., Strecher V. J. and Ryff C. D. (2014). Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(46): 16331-16336. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.141482611
  57. Kim E. S., Sun J. K., Park N., Kubzansky L. D. and Peterson C. (2013). Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older U.S. Adults with coronary heart disease: A two-year follow-up. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(2): 124-133. DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9406-
  58. Kim E. S., Sun J. K., Park N. and Peterson C. (2013). Purpose in life and reduced stroke in older adults: The health and retirement study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 74(5): 427-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.01
  59. Kwan C. M. L., Love G. D., Ryff C. D. and Essex M. J. (2003). The role of self-enhancing evaluations in a successful life transition. Psychology & Aging, 18(1): 3-12. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.
  60. Lewis G. J., Kanai R., Rees G. and Bates T. C. (2014). Neural correlates of the “good life”: Eudaimonic well-being is associated with insular cortex volume. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(5): 615-618. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst03
  61. Lindfors P., Berntsson L. and Lundberg U. (2006). Total workload as related to psychological well-being and symptoms in full-time employed female and male white-collar workers. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13: 131-137. DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1302_
  62. Lindfors P. and Lundberg U. (2002). Is low cortisol release an indicator of positive health? Stress and Health, 18(4): 153-160. DOI: 10.1002/smi.94
  63. Lopes P. N., Salovey P. and Straus R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35: 641-658. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00242-8
  64. Maier E. H. and Lachman M. E. (2000). Consequences of early parental loss and separation for health and well-being in midlife. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(2): 183-189. DOI: 10.1080/01650250038330
  65. Marks N. F. (1998). Does it hurt to care? Caregiving, work-family conflict and midlife well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(4): 951-966. DOI: 10.2307/35363
  66. Marks N. F., Bumpass L. L. and Jun H. (2004). Family roles and well-being during the middle life course. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff and R. C. Kessler (eds.), How healthy are we?: A national study of well-being at midlife. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 514-549.
  67. Marks N. F. and Lambert J. D. (1998). Marital status continuity and change among young and midlife adults: Longitudinal effects on psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 19: 652-686. DOI: 10.1177/019251398019006001
  68. McKinley N. M. (2004). Resisting body dissatisfaction: Fat women who endorse fat acceptance. Body Image, 1(2): 213-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.02.00
  69. Miyamoto Y., Boylan J. M., Coe C. L., Curhan K. B., Levine C. S., Markus H. R., Park J., Kitayama S., Kawakami N., Kawasawa M., Love G. D. and Ryff C. D. (2013). Negative emotions predict elevated interleukin-6 in the United States but not in Japan. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 34: 79-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.17
  70. Montpetit M. A., Bergeman C. S., Bisconti T. L. and Rausch J. R. (2006). Adaptive change in self-concept and well-being during conjugal loss in later life. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 63(3): 217-239. DOI: 10.2190/86WW-652A-M314-4YL
  71. Morozink J. A., Friedman E. M., Coe C. L. and Ryff C. D. (2010). Socioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of interleukin-6 in the MIDUS national sample. Health Psychology, 29(6): 626-635. DOI: 10.1037/a002136
  72. Norton D. L. (1976). Personal destinies: A philosophy of ethical individualism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  73. Nussbaum M. C. (1997). Cultivating humanity: A classical defense of reform in liberal education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  74. Nussbaum M. C. (2010). Not for profit: Why democracy needs the humanities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  75. Paradise A. W. and Kernis M. H. (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(4): 345-361. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.21.4.345.2259
  76. Park J., Kitayama S., Markus H. R., Coe C. L., Miyamoto Y., Karasawa M., Curhan K., Love G. D., Kawakami N., Boylan J. M. and Ryff C. D. (2013). Social status and anger expression: The cultural moderation hypothesis. Emotion, 13(6): 1122-1131. DOI: 10.1037/a003427
  77. Piketty T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  78. Pusswald G., Fleck M., Lehrner J., Haubenberger D., Weber G. and Auff E. (2012). The “sense of coherence” and the coping capacity of patients with parkinson’s disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(12): 1972-1979. DOI: 10.1017/s104161021200133
  79. Rafanelli C., Park S. K., Ruini C., Ottolini F., Cazzaro M. and Fava G. A. (2000). Rating well-being and distress. Stress Medicine, 16: 55-61. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(200001)16:1<55::AID-SMI832>3.0.CO;2-
  80. Rogers C. H., Floyd F. J., Seltzer M. M., Greenberg J. and Hong J. (2008). Long-term effects of the death of a child on parents’ adjustment in midlife. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(2): 203-211. DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.20
  81. Ruini C., Albieri E. and Vescovelli F. (2014). Well-Being Therapy: State of the art and clinical exemplifications. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1007/s10879-014-9290-
  82. Ruini C., Belaise C., Brombin C., Caffo E. and Fava G. A. (2006). Well-being therapy in school settings: A pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(6): 331-336. DOI: 10.1159/00009543
  83. Ruini C. and Fava G. A. (2009). Well-being therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5): 510-519. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.2059
  84. Ruini C. and Fava G. A. (2012). Role of well-being therapy in achieving a balanced and individualized path to optimal functioning. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19(4): 291-304. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1796
  85. Ruini C., Ottolini F., Tomba E., Belaise C., Albieri E., Visani D., Offidani E., Caffo E. and Fava G. A. (2009). School intervention for promoting psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(4): 522-532. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.00
  86. Ruini C. and Ryff C. D. (in press). Using eudaimonic well-being to improve lives. In A. Wood and J. A. Johnson (eds.), Handbook of positive clinical psychology. New York: Wiley.
  87. Ryff C., Friedman E., Fuller-Rowell T., Love G., Miyamoto Y., Morozink J., Radler B. Tsenkova V. and Miyamoto Y. (2012). Varieties of resilience in MIDUS. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(11): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00462.
  88. Ryff C. D. (1985). Adult personality development and the motivation for personal growth. In D. Kleiber and M. Maehr (eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (vol. 4, Motivation and adulthood). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 55-92.
  89. Ryff C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6): 1069-1081. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.106
  90. Ryff C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1): 10-28. DOI: 10.1159/00035326
  91. Ryff C. D., Boylan J. M., Coe C. L., Karasawa M., Kawakami N., Kitayama S., Kan C., Love G. D., Levine C. L., Markus H. R., Miyamoto Y., Nakahara J., and Park J. (2015). Adult development in Japan and the U.S.: Comparing theories and findings about growth, maturity and well-being. In L. Jensen (ed.), Oxford handbook of human development and culture: An interdisciplinary perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 666-679. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948550.013.4
  92. Ryff C. D. and Keyes C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(4): 719-727. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.71
  93. Ryff C. D., Lee Y. H., Essex M. J. and Schmutte P. S. (1994). My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and of self. Psychology & Aging, 9(2): 195-205. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.19
  94. Ryff C. D. and Singer B. (2003a). Ironies of the human condition: Well-being and health on the way to mortality. In L. G. Aspinwall and U. M. Staudinger (eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 271-287.
  95. Ryff C. D. and Singer B. (2003b). Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving. In C. L. M. Keyes and J. Haidt (eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 15-36. DOI: 10.1037/10594-00
  96. Ryff C. D. and Singer B. H. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1): 1-28. DOI: 10.1207/s15327965pli0901_
  97. Ryff C. D. and Singer B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1): 13-39. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-006-9019-
  98. Ryff C. D., Singer B. H. and Love G. D. (2004). Positive health: Connecting well-being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 359: 1383-1394. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.152
  99. Schaefer S. M., Boylan J. M., van Reekum C. M., Lapate R. C., Norris C. J., Ryff C. D. and Davidson R. J. (2013). Purpose in life predicts better emotional recovery from negative stimuli. PLoS One, 8(11): e80329. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.008032
  100. Schleicher H., Alonso C., Shirtcliff E. A., Muller D. A., Loevinger B. L. and Coe C. L. (2005). In the face of pain: The relationship between psychological well-being and disability in women with fibromyalgia. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 74(4): 231-239. DOI: 10.1159/000085147
  101. Schmutte P. S. and Ryff C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: Reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 73(3): 549-559. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.54
  102. Shapiro A. and Keyes C. (2008). Marital status and social well-being: Are the married always better off? Social Indicators Research, 88(2): 329-346. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-007-9194-
  103. Sheldon K. M. and Lyubomirsky S. (2006). Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: Change your actions, not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7: 55-86. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-005-0868-
  104. Snow C. P. (1959/1998). The two cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  105. Son J. and Wilson J. (2012). Volunteer work and hedonic, eudemonic and social well-being. Sociological Forum, 27(3): 658-681. DOI: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2012.01340.
  106. Springer K. W., Pudrovska T. and Hauser R. M. (2011). Does psychological well-being change with age? Longitudinal tests of age variations and further exploration of the multidimensionality of Ryff’s model of psychological well-being. Social Science Research, 40(1): 392-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.05.00
  107. Stiglitz J. E. (2012). The price of inequality [how today’s divided society endangers our future]. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
  108. Strauser D. R., Lustig D. C. and Çıftçı A. (2008). Psychological well-being: Its relation to work personality, vocational identity and career thoughts. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 142(1): 21-35. DOI: 10.3200/JRLP.142.1.21-3
  109. Tomba E., Belaise C., Ottolini F., Ruini C., Bravi A., Albieri E., Rafanelli C., Caffo E. and Fava G. A. (2010). Differential effects of well-being promoting and anxiety-management strategies in a non-clinical school setting. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3): 326-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.00
  110. Tsenkova V. K., Love G. D., Singer B. H. and Ryff C. D. (2007). Socioeconomic status and psychological well-being predict cross-time change in glycosylated hemoglobin in older women without diabetes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(8): 777-784. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318157466
  111. van Reekum C. M., Urry H. L., Johnstone T., Thurow M. E., Frye C. J., Jackson C. A., Schaefer S. M., Alexander A. L. and Davidson R. J. (2007). Individual differences in amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity are associated with evaluation speed and psychological well-being. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(2): 237-248. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.23
  112. Wiggins J. S. (1980). Personality and prediction: Principles of personality assessment. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
  113. Wink P. and Dillon M. (2003). Religiousness, spirituality and psychosocial functioning in late adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal study. Psychology & Aging, 18(4): 916-924. DOI: 10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.10

  • Comparison of the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Logotherapy on the Psychological Well-being and Death Anxiety of Women with AIDS Hadi Akbarinejhad, Pariya Faroughi, in Qom Univ Med Sci J /2021 pp.48
    DOI: 10.52547/qums.14.11.48
  • Marginal notes on Ryff's vision of psychological well-being Saulo Sirigatti, in PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE 1/2016 pp.34
    DOI: 10.3280/PDS2016-001004
  • Comparison of the Effectiveness of Min Dfulness- Based Cognitive Therapy with Compassion- Focused Therapy on Resilience and Psychological Well- Being of Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis Morteza Akbarpor, Maryam Sharifiyan Ghazijahani, hadi Smkhani akbarinejhad, in The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam /2021 pp.60
    DOI: 10.52547/shefa.9.4.60
  • Mental wellbeing in the Anthropocene: Socio-ecological approaches to capability enhancement Ross G. White, in Transcultural Psychiatry /2020 pp.44
    DOI: 10.1177/1363461518786559
  • Predicting Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Psychological Well-Being in FARAJA Forces Based on the Level of Physical Activity M. Zare Shahabadi, H. Samadi, H. Abbassi, S. Abbedinzade Masoole, in Iranian Journal of War and Public Health /2023 pp.233
    DOI: 10.58209/ijwph.15.3.233

Carol D. Ryff, Articolo Target. Psychological well-being and health: Past, present and future in "PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE" 1/2016, pp 7-26, DOI: 10.3280/PDS2016-001002