From work to non-work: a study on profiles of retirement adjustment

Journal title RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA
Author/s Greta Mazzetti, Silvia Simbula, Cristina Feduzi, Dina Guglielmi
Publishing Year 2014 Issue 2014/1
Language Italian Pages 29 P. 53-81 File size 309 KB
DOI 10.3280/RIP2014-001003
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

This paper is aimed at exploring the adjustment of individuals who have faced the transition to retirement. The consequences of this transition have been assessed through the "Consequences of Early Retirement Work", which investigates the impact of retirement on personal aims, family relationships and social integration. Data were collected on a sample of 200 participants (mean age = 63.06; SD = 4.32). Using a cluster analysis, three profiles of retirement adjustment have been identified. The results of MANOVA and Chi Square Test indicated that these profiles show significant differences concerning individual and work related factors, personal and social resources, life satisfaction and retirement satisfaction.

Keywords: Retirement adjustment, retirement profiles, Cluster Analysis, retirees.

  1. Adams, G.A., & Beehr, T.A. (Eds.). (2003). Retirement: Reasons, Processes, and Results. Springer Publishing Company.
  2. Alcover, C.M., Crego, A., Guglielmi, D., & Chiesa, R. (2012). Comparison between the Spanish and Italian early work retirement models: A cluster analysis approach. Personnel Review, 41(3), 380-403. DOI: 10.1108/00483481211212995
  3. Atchley, R.C. (1999). Continuity theory, self, and social structure. In: C.D. Ryff & V.W. Marhsall (Eds.), Families and Retirement (pp. 145-158). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  4. Austrom, M.G., Perkins, A.J., Damush, T.M., & Hendrie, H.C. (2003). Predictors of life satisfaction in retired physicians and spouses. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 134-141. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-003-0610-y
  5. Barbaranelli, C. (2006). Le Analisi dei Dati con SPSS II. Le Analisi Multivariate. [Data analysis using SPSS II. Multivariate analysis]. Milano: Led.
  6. Barnes, H., & Parry, J. (2004). Renegotiating identity and relationships: Men and women’s adjustments to retirement. Ageing & Society, 24, 213-233. DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X0300148X
  7. Beck, V. (2013). Employers’ use of older workers in the recession. Employee Relations, 35(3), 257-271. DOI: 10.1108/01425451311320468
  8. Beehr, T.A., & Bennett, M.M. (2007). Examining retirement from a multi-level perspective. In K.S. Shultz & G.A. Adams (Eds.), Aging and Work in the 21st Century (pp. 277-302). Mahwah: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
  9. Calasanti, T.M. (1996). Gender and life satisfaction in retirement: An assessment of the male model. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 51, 18-29. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/51B.1.S18
  10. Calvo, E., Haverstick, K., & Sass, S.A. (2009). Gradual retirement, sense of control and retirees happiness. Research on Aging, 31, 112-135. DOI: 10.1177/0164027508324704
  11. Carter, M., & Cook, K. (1995). Adaptation to retirement: Role changes and psychological resources. The Career Development Quarterly, 44, 67-82. DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1995.tb00530.x
  12. Cheung, F., & Wu, A.S. (2013). Older workers’ successful aging and intention to stay. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(6), 645-660. DOI: 10.1108/JPM-09-2011-0062
  13. Depolo, M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2014). No bridge and no employment? Problems and challenges for older workers in Italy. In C. Alcover, G. Topa, E. Parry, F. Fraccaroli & M. Depolo (Eds.), Bridge Employment A Research Handbook (pp. 154-166) Abingdon: Routledge.
  14. Depolo, M., & Zappala, S. (2004). Carriera lavorativa e decisioni di pensionamento. [Job career and retirement decisions]. Politica e Organizzazione, 1, 21-36.
  15. De Preter, H., Mortelmans, D., & Van Looy, D. (2012). Retirement timing in Europe: does sector make a difference?. Industrial Relations Journal, 43, 511-526. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2338.2012.00699.x
  16. De Vaus, D., Wells, Y., Kendig, H., & Quine, S. (2007). Does gradual retirement have better outcomes than abrupt retirement? Results from an Australian panel study. Ageing & Society, 27(5), 667-682. DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X07006228
  17. De Vos, A., & Segers, J. (2013). Self-directed career attitude and retirement intentions. The Career Development International, 18(2), 155-172. DOI: 10.1108/CDI-04-2012-0041
  18. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  19. Di Fabio, A., & Busoni, L. (2008). Misurare il supporto sociale percepito: proprietà psicometriche della “multidimensional scale of perceived social support” (MSPSS) in un campione di studenti universitari. Risorsa Uomo, 3, 339-350.
  20. Feldman, D.C. (1994). The decision to retire early: A review and conceptualization. The Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 285-311. DOI: 10.2307/258706
  21. Floyd, F.J., Haynes, S.N., Doll, E.R., Winemiller, D., Lemsky, C., Burgy, T.M., Werle, M., & Heilman, N. (1992). Assessing retirement satisfaction and perceptions of retirement experiences. Psychology and Aging, 7(4), 609-621. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.7.4.609
  22. Fouquereau, E., Fernandez, A., & Mullet, E. (2001). Evaluation of determinants of retirement satisfaction among workers and retired people. Social Behavior and Personality, 29(8), 777-786. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2001.29.8.777
  23. Fraccaroli, F., Depolo, M., & Sarchielli, G. (1991). L’uso del General Health Questionnaire di Goldberg in una ricerca su giovani disoccupati. [Application of Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire in a study among young unemployed]. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 197, 13-19.
  24. Franchignoni, F., Tesio, L., Ottonello, M., & Benevolo, E. (1999). LIFE SATISFACTION INDEX: Italian Version and Validation of a Short Form. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78(6), 509-515.
  25. Gallo, W., Bradley, E., Siegel, M., & Kasl, S. (2000). Health effects of involuntary job loss among older workers: Findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55B(3), S131-S140. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/55.3.S131
  26. Geuskens, G.A., Oude Hengel, K.M., Koppes, L.J., & Ybema, J. (2012). Predictors of the willingness and the ability to continue working until the age of 65 years. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(5), 572-578. DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318248057a
  27. Glass, J.C., & Flynn, D.K. (2000). Retirement needs and preparation of rural middle-aged persons. Educational Gerontology, 26(2), 109-134. DOI: 10.1080/036012700267286
  28. Goldberg, D.P. (1972). The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire: A Technique for the Identification and Assessment of Non-psychotic Psychiatric Illness. Oxford England: Oxford U. Press.
  29. Gordon, A.D. (1999). Classification, 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall, Boca Raton.
  30. Gregg, P., & Wadsworth, J. (2010). Employment in the 2008-2009 recession. Economic & Labour Market Review, 4(8), 37-43.
  31. Griffin, B., Hesketh, B., & Loh, V. (2012). The influence of subjective life expectancy on retirement transition and planning: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 129-137.
  32. Harkness, S. (2008). The household division of labour: Changes in families’ allocation of paid and unpaid work. In: Scott J., Dex S. and Joshi H., editors, Women and Employment: Changing Lives and New Challenges (pp. 234-267). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  33. Hobfoll, S.E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307-324. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
  34. Isaksson, K., & Johansson, G. (2000). Adaptation to continued work and early retirement following downsizing: Long-term effects and gender differences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(2), 241-256. DOI: 10.1348/096317900167001
  35. Kim, S., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Working in retirement: The antecedents of bridge employment and its consequences for the quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1195-1210. DOI: 10.2307/1556345
  36. Kim, J.E., & Moen, P. (2001). Is retirement good or bad for subjective well-being?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 83-86. DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.00121
  37. Kim, J. E., & Moen, P. (2002). Retirement transitions, gender, and psychological well-being: A life-course, ecological model. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences And Social Sciences, 57B(3), P212-P222. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/57.3.P212
  38. Loretto, W., & Vickerstaff, S. (2013). The domestic and gendered context for retirement. Human Relations, 66(1), 65-86.
  39. Mariappanadar, S. (2013). Do retirement anxieties determine bridge employment preference?: A study among pre-retirees in the Australian construction industry. Personnel Review, 42(2), 176-204. DOI: 10.1108/00483481311309
  40. Mayring, P. (2000). Pensionierung als Krise oder Glucksgewinn? Ergebnisse aus einer quantitativ–qualitativen Langsschnittuntersuchung. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 33(2), 124-133. DOI: 10.1007/s003910050168
  41. Mein, G., & Ellison, G.T.H. (2006). The impact of early retirement on perceptions of life at work and at home: Qualitative analyses of British civil servants participating in the Whitehall II Retirement Study. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 63(3), 187-216. DOI: 10.2190/4C1A-G146-71C6-CG7C
  42. Midanik, L.T., Soghikian, K., Ransom, L.J., & Tekawa, I.S. (1995). The effect of retirement on mental health and health behaviors: The Kaiser Permanente Retirement Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50B(1), S59-S61. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/50B.1.S5
  43. Mow – International Research Team (1987). The Meaning of Working: An International Perspective. London: Academic Press.
  44. Neugarten, B.L., Havighurst, R.J., & Tobin, S.S. (1961). The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134-143.
  45. Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  46. Parboteeah, K.P., & Cullen, J.B. (2003). Social institutions and work centrality: Explorations beyond national culture. Organization Science, 14(2), 137-148. DOI: 10.1287/orsc.14.2.137.1498
  47. Phillipson, C., & Smith, A. (2005). Extending working life: A review of the research literature. Department for Work and Pensions Research Report No. 299. Leeds: DWP.
  48. Pienta, A.M., & Hayward, M.D. (2002). Who expects to continue working after age 62? The retirement plans of couples. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B(4), S199-S208. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/57.4.S199
  49. Pinquart, M., & Shindler, I. (2007). Change of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: A latent-class approach. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 442-455. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.442
  50. Pleau, R., & Shauman, K. (2013). Trends and correlates of post-retirement employment, 1977-2009. Human Relations, 66(1), 113-141. DOI: 10.1177/0018726712447003
  51. Price, K.P., & Joo, F. (2005). Exploring the relationship between marital status and women’s retirement satisfaction. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 61(1), 37-55. DOI: 10.2190/TXVY-HAEB-X0PW-00QF
  52. Radl, J. (2012). Too old to work, or too young to retire? The pervasiveness of age norms in Western Europe. Work, Employment & Society, 26(5), 755-771.
  53. Reitzes, D.C., & Mutran, E.J. (2004). The transition to retirement: Stages and factors that influence retirement adjustment. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 59(1), 63-84. DOI: 10.2190/NYPP-RFFP-5RFK-8EB8
  54. Reitzes, D.C., & Mutran, E.J. (2006). Lingering identities in retirement. The Sociological Quarterly, 47(2), 333-359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00048.x
  55. Schlosser, F., Zinni, D., & Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2012). Intention to unretire: HR and the boomerang effect. The Career Development International, 17(2), 149-167. DOI: 10.1108/13620431211225331
  56. Schmidt, J.A., & Lee, K. (2008). Voluntary retirement and organizational turnover intentions: The differential associations with work and non-work commitment constructs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22(4), 297-309. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-008-9068-y
  57. Szinovacz, M.E. (2003). Contexts and pathways: Retirement as institution, process, and experience. In G.A. Adams and T.A. Beehr, editors, Retirement: Reasons, Processes, and Results (pp. 6-52). New York: Springer.
  58. Taylor, M.A., & Shore, L.M. (1995). Predictors of planned retirement age: An application of Beehr’s model. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 76-83. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.76
  59. Taylor, M.A., Goldberg, C., Shore, L.M., & Lipka, P. (2008). The effects of retirement expectation and social support on post-retirement adjustment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(4), 458-470. DOI: 10.1108/02683940810869051
  60. Van Solinge, H. (2007). Health change in retirement. A longitudinal study among older workers in the Nederlands. Research on Aging, 29(3), 225-256. DOI: 10.1177/0164027506298223
  61. Van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2005). Couples adjustment to retirement: A multi actor panel study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B(1), S11-S20. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/60.1.S11
  62. Van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2007). Involuntary retirement: The role of restrictive circumstances, timing, and social embeddedness. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62B(5), S295-S303. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/62.5.S295
  63. Van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2008). Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement: Two of a kind?. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 422-434. DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.422
  64. Van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, S308-S318.
  65. Wang, M. (2007). Profiling retirees in retirement transition and adjustment process: Examining the longitudinal change patterns of retirees’ psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 455-474. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.455
  66. Wang, M., & Shultz, K.S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36(1), 172-206. DOI: 10.1177/0149206309347957
  67. Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011). Retirement Adjustment: A Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/a0022414
  68. Ward, J.H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236-244. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845
  69. Wong, J.Y., & Earl, J.K. (2009). Toward an integrated model of individual, psychosocial, and organizational predictors of retirement adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.01
  70. Wu, A.S., Tang, C.S., & Yan, E.C. (2005). Post-retirement voluntary work and psychological functioning among older Chinese in Hong Kong. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 20(1), 27-45. DOI: 10.1007/s10823-005-3796-5
  71. Zaniboni, S. (2010). Percezione di Autoefficacia nel Pensionamento. [Perceived Self-efficacy during Retirement]. Materiale non pubblicato.
  72. Zaniboni, S., Guglielmi, D., Depolo, M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2009). Contributo alla validazione della versione italiana del Retirement satisfaction inventory (RSIit) [Contribution to the Italian validation of the Retirement satisfaction inventory (RSI-it)]. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 257(56), 13-22.
  73. Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2

Greta Mazzetti, Silvia Simbula, Cristina Feduzi, Dina Guglielmi, Dal lavoro al non-lavoro: uno studio sui profili di adattamento al pensionamento in "RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA " 1/2014, pp 53-81, DOI: 10.3280/RIP2014-001003